How to Campaign for a Mock Election

A mock election is a simulated election process which is designed to give students a deeper understanding of the election process. In this popular exercise, students participate in every aspect of a national campaign and then participate in the voting process in order to get a complete understanding of the democratic process. The components of your exercise may include: Discovering and filing the paperwork you need to submit to runSelecting candidatesOrganizing caucusesCreating a campaignWriting speechesDesigning campaign postersCreating polling boothsMaking ballotsVoting What Are the Benefits? When you participate in a practice election, you will learn about the election process, but youll also sharpen many skills as you participate in a simulated version of a national election: You will gain public speaking experience as you participate in speeches and debates.You can sharpen critical thinking skills as you analyze campaign speeches and ads.You can gain event-planning experience by getting involved in organizing the meetings and rallies.You can learn to communicate effectively as you develop campaign materials and events. Choosing a Candidate You may not have a choice about the role you play or even about the candidate you support in a mock election. Teachers will usually divide a class (or an entire student body of a school) and assign candidates. It is important in a mock election to make the process fair and to avoid hurt feelings and feelings of being ostracized. Its not always a good idea to pick the candidate that is supported by your family because students who are greatly outnumbered can feel pressured or ridiculed for supporting an unpopular candidate. Every candidate is unpopular somewhere! Preparing for the Debate A debate is a formalized discussion or argument. You must study the rules or processes that debaters follow in order to prepare. Youll want to learn what will be expected of you! Your school may have special rules to add to the general guidelines youll find online. Its also a good idea to watch your opponents campaign advertisements on YouTube (the real candidate, that is). You can gain clues about your opponents position on controversial topics. These ads will highlight his or her potential strengths and may even shed light on a potential weakness. How Do I Run a Campaign? A campaign is like a long-running TV commercial. You are really designing a sales pitch for your candidate when you run a campaign, so youll use many sales techniques in this process. Youll want to be honest, of course, but you want to pitch your candidate in the most agreeable way, with positive words and attractive materials. You will need to establish a platform, which is a set of beliefs and positions that your candidate holds on specific topics. You will need to research the candidate that you represent and write a mock-up of those positions in language that is suitable for your audience. An example of a statement in your platform is I will promote investments in clean energy in order to provide a healthy environment for future families. (See real platforms from presidential campaigns.) Dont worry--your own platform does not need to be as long as a real one! By writing out your platform, you gain a clear understanding of the candidate you support. This will help you as you design campaign materials. Using the platform as a guideline you can: Write a campaign speech Draw posters to support your issuesWith permission from parents, design a Facebook page for your candidateCreate a poll on Facebook or in Survey Monkey to get feedback from votersCreate a campaign blog with Blogger

The Education Of The United States Essay - 854 Words

The purpose of education in the United States has been designed to meet the changing needs of society, though never quite fast enough to fully reflect those changes. In its early history, American education reinforced the religious doctrines of the Puritan settlers. During the era of our founders, the purpose of education shifted to crafting democratic citizens. During the Industrial Revolution school became more about preparing students to be future workers, punching out students on a pedagogical assembly line. Many of these early ideas persist into the 21st-century, though there is a greater diversity than ever in educational epistemology. Largely though, the perceived purpose of education in contemporary public schools is to prepare students to become future citizens who participate in the democratic process, to become skilled workers who contribute to the American work-force, and/or to help students to become critical thinkers. The purpose of schooling in the United States is and always has been political, and therefore closely intertwined with the values of Capitalism and the American economy. As a result, the prevailing philosophies of education have been reactionary and not progressive. To fully prepare students for a future we cannot foresee, education must break beyond these limited boundaries. The swift progression of technology over the past century has proven that we cannot simply teach students a set of skills to prepare them for what lies ahead. In TheShow MoreRelatedEducation : The United States1654 Words   |  7 Pagesin this day of society K-12 education is free to every child in the United States, it is difficult for us modern Americans to imagine a world where public schools have not existed. Although, 150 years ago in many places throughout the country, not even elementary education was provided publicly; in fact, even by the turn of the 20th century, some young individuals still did not have entry to free public high schools. To our effor t every American can get a free education and obtain a high school diplomaRead MoreThe Education Of The United States Essay1394 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States is often seen as the world leader in many aspects of life. Throughout the world many different people see the United States as the leader in economy, technology, and democracy. However, one aspect the United States constantly trails behind is, unfortunately education. Whether it is K-12 education, or higher education, the United States is constantly ranked behind countries that are not as wealthy. Unfortunately, throughout time, they still have not improved, but many would argueRead MoreThe Education Of The United States1575 Words   |  7 Pagessince the founding of the United States, few have seriously argued the importance of education to society. Although education was left out of the United States Constitution in the interest of states’ rights, Thomas Jefferson was not alone in believing that â€Å"the m ost important bill in our whole code is that for the diffusion of knowledge among the people†¦ [which is necessary] for the preservation of freedom and happiness.† (251). Despite a consensus on the necessity of education, its actualization hasRead MoreThe Education Of The United States Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesMaking up over fifteen percent of our population, Hispanics are a major part of our society and yet their education rates are the lowest of any group in America. Many Hispanic middle school and high school students come from families with no college degree. Having no college experience forces many families to be reluctant about sending their child off to college once high school is finished. In view of this, schools should offer more college prep programs. Not simply A.P. classes, but courses thatRead MoreThe Education Of The United States928 Words   |  4 Pages The United States is concerned about the education of its citizens. With raised initiatives in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) programs and standardized education, the government is attempting to reverse declining test scores and prepare American youth for a globally competitive and more technology-based future. Proponents of a STEM education assert that scientific thinking and technical skills are what are needed in a modern economy, while a liberal education is often an unnecessaryRead MoreThe Education Of The United States Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesThe Education Revolution Currently, the United States is ranked 14th in its educational standard, 17th in educational performance and 24th in literacy (Mark). Compared to the rest of the world, we are behind countries like Poland, China, Finland and New Zealand. For a country that prides itself on its successful western society, what is stopping us from having an education system to match the standards we have put on the rest of our amenities. However, a solution is closer than it seems. AccordingRead MoreThe Education Of The United States1840 Words   |  8 PagesTransformation is necessary. As more knowledge is gained, the less the public seems to know. This, although often ignored, is known by many, but other issues are prioritized. The United States falls behind in the quality and value of its education, while South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and China become leaders in the education sector. Society is threatened, not only by acts of terrorism or the violence seen on the daily news, but by the vast amount of uninformed citizens that partake on important rolesRead MoreThe United States Education System1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States have long been held in high esteem by their peers for their higher education system’s ability to produce the best and brightest young adults that can impact the world. Students in our nation have a choice whether or not to attend prestigious higher-level institutions in order to educate themselves and prepare themselves for the job market. The U.S. has an outstanding reputation of educating students as well as making education available to everyone in the country. Whether it beRead MoreThe Education System Of The United States1090 Words   |  5 Pages The education system in the United States is a problem. One problem is that many of the students attending school today live in poverty. Another problem with the education system is that the curriculums are not being altered to the skills needed in the world today. Furthermore, students are not allowed to use their individual learning styles in the classroom. The education system today has many flaws that are not being fixed. Many students in the education system are living in poverty. StudentsRead MorePublic Education : The United States912 Words   |  4 Pages Public education is a good that is privileged to everyone in the United States. While education may seem extensive and unnecessary, especially to youth, achieving an education has benefitted people through the history of the U.S., which in turn benefits the U.S.’s welfare. When Thomas Jefferson advocated the opening of public schools in the early 1800s, his plan was only half fulfilled; only wealthy communities could afford public schools (Watson 2). This remained true until the early to mid 1900s

What Leadership Means to Me free essay sample

There were four theories that I found especially helpful for understanding leadership. They include the major leadership traits for leadership, Psychodynamic Approach and Team Leadership, Leader Member Exchange Theory, and Women in Leadership. What follows is a definition of major traits that you need in leadership, how it differs from management, and a description of each of the above theories and the Psychodynamic Approach theory, which I improved based on what I learned in the course. I will relate some examples of important theories from my own personal and professional life. In the last section before the conclusion, I will include insights from the George article on authentic leadership reading in week eight and an incident, a defining moment from my life, that has helped me find my ‘voice’ as a leader. Major Leadership Traits There are many traits and characteristics that are identified and related to leadership, however, I am going to discuss the 5 major traits. The important traits that contribute to leadership are intelligence, the ability to have a higher IQ then their followers. However, if they are having difficulty in communicating to the level of their followers to accept, that could be a problem, and that is where your leadership skills would take place. Self Confidence is another important trait, to have the ability to be certain about your competencies and skills. Determination, have the desire to complete the task at hand, high energy and the will to assert yourself. Integrity, is more trustworthiness and honest and you will confide and be more willing to perform work for that leader. Lastly, Sociability is also considered and important trait to consider to leadership, having the ability to pick out friendly, ongoing, good manners and pleasant interpersonal skills is one of my favorite traits that I think is important in leadership. As discussed above are the five major traits necessary to have to become a powerful leader, and their definitions, (Northouse, 2004, pp. 19-22). I am going to discuss in my personnel everyday work experience, on just how these different traits are so necessary to perform in a corporate world. I have only every worked at Goodrich, located in Vergennes, so its hard for me to compare with other leadership areas. As I read in this chapter, that there are many other traits that are associated with effective leadership, however, I am going to discuss that one trait that was the most effective and important to me. Sociability is such a strong and powerful trait, and it so needed to have in Leadership. I know this from experience with the different jobs and management that I have had in the pass years of service. As I get older, and knowledgeable, is when I realize just how important certain skills are important and necessary it is to perform certain tasks. Being social, friendly, civil, and sensitive, will help you to create relationships with your followers, and that is just so important to me and so necessary in a large corporate business. To be able to have a relationship with your leader, just makes you feel so much needed and wanted. Sociability is one of the five traits that I think is very much necessary in becoming an effective leader. Defining Leadership The difference between leadership and management, they have a lot of the same concepts that overlap with both leadership and management. They both have to influence individuals of their team, they both have to work with people, and they both are working towards accomplishing a common. Leadership in my mind and how the books explain the roles of a leader is that you must have the knowledge and the skills to be a effective leader. Defining leadership can have different meanings for different people. Leadership occurs in groups and the groups become the followers of the leader. Leaders need to initiate the relationship, create the communication and carry the burden of maintaining the relationships , (pp. 2-3). Management in my mind and as the book reinforces the definition to be, to plan, to organize, to staff for the process, and to control the process to the end. These are consider the primary functions of the management role (p. 8). The differences between the two are; management you are to provide order and consistency to organizations, and leadership is to produce change and movement. A good example the difference between the two is shown on figure 1. 2, where is strictly labels the difference between the management functions and leadership roles. Like mentioned above, management is to plan, organize, staffing and control, and leadership is to establish, align and motivate individuals. Again, they both overlap with having to work with people and working toward a common goal (p. 9). This article was very fractural to me; it is definitely an issue that I see happens at Goodrich today, Why Many Leaders Land in the Rough. A new survey reveals that many of todays leaders have personality traits that leave them in the corporate equivalent of a deep sand trap. Fortunately, there is a cure: leaders can overcome behaviors and habits that derail their careers if companies offer high-quality development programs. That is the lesson of a survey from Development Dimensions International (DDI), a global human resource (HR) consulting firm specializing in leadership development and selection system design. Effective leadership is supreme to success today, but unfortunately investment in crucial HR systems, from selection to succession management, is falling short at all levels†. This is so true in the company that I am employed with, Goodrich, its lack of having the correct tools available for management to use, (The Canadian Manager. Toronto:  Winter 2001. Vol. 26,  Iss. 4;  pg. 15, 2 pgs). . Psychodynamic Approach and Team Leadership Determining your psychodynamic approach was very interesting out come for me. I can see where this approach could benefit for both the leader and the follower depending of the personality at that moment. Below I will describe the psychodynamic type that I am and relate it myself in the workplace. Psychodynamic approach expresses to leaders personality characteristics and the understanding the responses from their subordinates, based on their personalities. They could understand their reactions to the leader and each other. Important concepts in psychodynamic approach that I took away mostly were figuring out what others personalities are, so I could better relate to them. Especially the introvert and extrovert preferences, just knowing that you are talking to a introvert and you are a extrovert, can make the conversation flow in a whole different pattern, very interesting. The psychodynamic approach that I am, according to the leadership instrument questionnaire, it turns out that I am a Extravert, Sensor, Feeler, and Perceiver. Extravert, energizing, cooperative and open, I totally am all of these; so I guess I am a extravert person. Sensor, a Practical, action oriented person, I am practical but however, action oriented not so much. Feeler, Empathic, Cooperative and Loyal, I am definitely all of these as well, very interesting. Perceiver, Flexible, Curious, and Informal, again hit them all right on the noise, it’s amazing how this model can be so accurate, and I like it. Again, what I most like about the psychological concept is using it with the people that you mostly interact with so that you can work with them more effectively, Leader Member Exchange Theory Here you would define the theory and explain why it is so important, reminding leadership about minimizing the natural tendency to create in-groups and out-groups. Why is it important to use Leaders-Memory Exchange (LMX) theory in a organization workforce? Descriptive and Prescriptive aspects is a major part of the LMX theory, and I am going to explain the difference between both descriptive and prescriptive theories, and how and why it’s such an important part of the LMX theory. LMX theory is a method that is focused on the relations between leaders and each of their followers. The two concepts used to define in the LMS theory, is Descriptive theory, which recognizes the in groups and the out groups, within an organization. The in groups are generally people in a group, that takes on more responsibilities and have stronger strengths of the situations happening within a project, people who go the extra effort to get the job done. The out groups people, are those who just do what they are asked to do, nothing extra, nothing to progress the task. The second concept using the LMS theory is Prescriptively, which narrows down the relationships will all the subordinates, to a relationship similar to the in group relationships. The LMS theory works by focusing our attentions on the different relationships that leaders can establish with others, (Anonymous, 2010, pp. 147-155). The LMS theory is so important for a leader to understand and to have the knowledge of both concepts, descriptive and prescriptive. The leader needs to know how to recognize the in groups and the out groups in an organization and try to make everyone similar to the in-group organization. By using the LMX theory it has been proven that these relationships are at high quality that the organization are all advanced, (p. 154). In Case 8. 2, Jenny is using the prescriptive theory model of the LMS theory; she is making sure that everyone is considered in the in-group organization. Jenny treats everyone the same and does not play any favorites. Jenny’s leadership skills are highly noticed due to the success of City Mortgage. I do like Jenny’s leaderships skills and I would consider trying to use the in group concept, to me that is fair concept for everyone and I believe in communication, is a big benefit and by using this concept it takes a lot of communication to make it work, (pp. 161-162). By taking the Leadership instrument questionnaire, has proven to me exactly what I that of the range that my leader would fall into. My supervisor fell in the low (17) range, which indicates that he has lesser quality of a leader, (pp. 164- 166). As I mention above I think as a strong leader, it is important to use the LMS theory and to understand the two concepts of descriptive and prescription theories. It is important to the know the differentness between the two, and to lean towards the prescriptive theory, in making everyone an in-group organization if of all possible. In this article, we propose and test an integrative theory of leader-member exchange (LMX) that extends our understanding of the mechanisms affecting LMX and important organizational outcomes. We argue that LMX enhances job performance and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) through 2 sets of processes. As a result of a social exchange process, high LMX managers encourage reciprocal obligations. These obli gations are manifested as subordinate commitment to their supervisors. This commitment, in turn, prompts more OCBs and higher job performance. Through a second process, high LMX supervisors enhance their subordinates self-efficacy and means efficacy, thereby improving job performance. Results of a field study support our predictions. Theoretical and practical implications and directions for future research are discussed†, (Personnel Psychology. Durham:  Autumn 2011. Vol. 64,  Iss. 3;   pg. 739). Women in Leadership Here you might explain each pair of styles, why they each are important to the vitality of a business, especially the S-N and T-F pairs. Include your own style and insights about your self and instances of interacting with people with different styles. Why is it so hard for women to climb the ladder in the corporate world? Women in Leadership chapter 13, describes in detail why this is so difficult in todays world of women in the work place. It is all-true factual of why it’s so difficult for women in the leadership roles in a corporate world, but why is it taking so long for the women career progression to occur. As this chapter explains its prejudice and discrimination against female leaders. Women have less human capital investments in education, training and work experience then men. It’s a proven fact, due to child rearing and their domestic duties, that his has put them behind in trying to grow their career paths, therefore they have less knowledge and experience in the leadership roles. Women’s’ career growth is becoming better and better in todays world then it has in the pass, women have learned how to jungle childcare and house work over time. They learned how in involve their spouses and contr ibuting their efforts at home by helping them with their housework etc. I personally do not think its fair, women have so much more to do in the house hold then men, and it’s a proven fact especially if you have children in the school. There always are projects, sports and school meetings that take you away from your work, and it always seems that the majority of the attendance on these school functions, are the mothers. So, that would explain why the women do not have the experience that men do, because of lack of time that they have to put into their jobs, because to the children. I just hope that the women continue to work to climb the leadership roles, as this chapter is saying as of year 2006, and in the figure 13. 1, that the women have the education now, they just to get the experience by working the workplace as a leader. This was a positive feeling that I took away from this chapter, (Anonymous, 2010, pp. 301-317). I have experienced a female leadership situation right at Goodrich, where they hired a female on the executive staff organization. She was defiantly leadership material, but I could tell from comments and seeing her in meetings that she was being challenged by the males that were on the staff origination as. I don’t know for sure, but she only lasted for a couple of years and then she put in for a transfer and I just think it was due to the males roles of her team. I am not positive of why she departed, but that was the feeling that I think happen. I think that the leadership team at Goodrich was in shock when our general manager hired a female for a position, this is something that I cannot remember ever happening before, and I have been with the company for 28 years. I mentioned above its tough trying to work (as it seems) in a male’s world, as it explains the difficulty in understanding the leadership labyrinth (confusing network). There are a lot of challenges out there for women and I just hope that it become better and easier for women as life goes on, I don’t think it fair how women are treated in the work place. It was been proven that women has just as much education now as men, and that they just need to get the experience, and we all know that the only way to get experience, is by learning from your own job experience. So, I am hoping and praying that it will continue to turn more positive for the women that are growing up in today’s society. As described in this article, I am thinking that maybe women do have a different views on leadership and how to achieve the role leadership. â€Å"In an era that leadership is a key to organizational success, several researchers have tried to identify the best style. This study aims to make a contribution toward this direction by examining followers perceptions of the preferred leader profile from a gendered perspective. Evidence from 2008 individuals employed in the Greek public sector revealed that men and women do hold different views of how the ideal leader behaves. Furthermore, the need for achievement is responsible for greater variatio ns in perceptions of the preferred leader profile, confirming the fact that men and women cannot be considered as uniform groups when examining leadership preferences† (The International Journal of Human Resource Management.

Narrative Training and Practicum Proper Report Essay Sample free essay sample

Recognition The trainee would wish to thank all people who have helped and inspired me during my on-the-job preparation. To the Lord Almighty for the wealth and verve and for enlightens me to prosecute my survey. The trainee would wish to thank his parents Norma Salva and Rolando Salva for their counsel. concern and apprehension and love and attention that strongly promote him in the fulfilment of the coveted undertaking. And besides to his brother. Kimberly Salva and small sister. Kimraldine Salva for untiring grasp of their attempt. To COCA-COLA BOTTLERS PHILIPPINES INC. from his vision through a dream comes a world. To Mr. Dominic Bagabaldo. Ms. Karla Depante and Mr. Reynaldo Paz. to his advisor for his motive and encouragement and to all CCBPI supervisors. gross revenues and logistic staff. And last. to the adult female who provide him with inspiration. for his continues love and understanding throughout his survey. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative: Training and Practicum Proper Report Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page May this recognition service as my manner of stating MARAMING SALAMAT PO! I. Introduction Importance OF THE ON-THE-JOB TRAINING NATURE OF BUSINESS NAME AND LOCATION OF THE FIRM BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FIRM MISSION VISSION I. IntroductionIMPORTANCE OF ON-THE-JOB Training On the occupation Training are portion of a college course of study that aims to develop and orient pupils about the work and their future calling. OJT is really of import non merely to learn pupils their chosen calling but to demo pupils the world about working. On the Job Training is really of import and should non be taken for granted. here’s why: †¢ Aside from the high rating grade that you will have from the employer. the employer may absorbed or offer you a occupation after graduation. †¢ Your background OJT experience is really of import when using a occupation. Employers frequently asked about the OJT experience and how it is related on the occupation that you are using for. †¢ The OJT experience that you have can set down you a great occupation. Particularly in Media related occupations. most employers frequently asked and necessitate an OJT experience from a media company. For case. a intelligence author who is using in a Television Network has great a dvantage if he/she has an OJT experience in a Media company like Television. Radio or Publishing. †¢ Your higher-up in the company that you are working for as an OJT may urge your accomplishments to the company affiliates or to other company that he/she knows. †¢ OJT will be your developing land. If you still have no thought on what is meant to be a worker. OJT will give you at least 10 % of calling worlds. †¢ The company that you are presently using in frequently makes a background cheque to successful appliers. If you have included your OJT advisor or employer in your character mentions. the company may reach them to inquire information about your accomplishments and cognition as their pupil or intern. †¢ You can see your OJT experience as your usher on your first yearss at work. particularly if your OJT and current work are related. You can utilize your experience and observation as an OJT to your current occupation if you still have issues on accommodations. Most pupils have taken their OJT for granted ; non recognizing the importance it can convey on their future calling. Having a good public presentation during OJT is really of import particularly now that there’s a tight competition towards occupation searchers and the high making of companies. I. IntroductionNATURE OF THE BUSINESS The Coca-Cola Foundation and its regional foundations strive day-to-day to be antiphonal to the citizenship precedences in the planetary communities where we live and work. At The Coca-Cola Company. they recognize that we can non hold a healthy and turning concern unless the communities we serve are healthy and sustainable. As a planetary drink company. they have committed ourselves to bettering the quality of life in the communities where we do concern. Our community investing precedences reflect the planetary and local nature of our concern and focal points on those planetary pillars where The Coca-Cola Company can do a unique and sustainable difference: H2O stewardship. active healthy life. community recycling. and instruction. BIRTH OF A REFRESHING IDEA The merchandise that has given the universe its best-known gustatory sensation was born in Atlanta. Georgia. on May 8. 1886. Dr. John Stith Pemberton. a local druggist. produced the sirup for Coca-Cola ® . and carried a jug of the new merchandise down the street to Jacobs’ Pharmacy. where it was sampled. pronounced â€Å"excellent† and placed on sale for five cents a glass as a sodium carbonate fountain drink. Carbonated H2O was teamed with the new sirup to bring forth a drink that was at one time â€Å"Delicious and Refreshing. † a subject that continues to repeat today wherever Coca-Cola is enjoyed. Thinking that â€Å"the two Cs would look good in advertisement. † Dr. Pemberton’s spouse and bookkeeper. Frank M. Robinson. suggested the name and penned the now celebrated hallmark â€Å"Coca-Cola† in his alone book. The first newspaper ad for Coca-Cola shortly appeared in The Atlanta Journal. ask foring thirsty ci tizens to seek â€Å"the new and popular sodium carbonate fountain drink. † Handpainted oilcloth marks reading â€Å"Coca-Cola† appeared on shop sunshades. with the suggestion â€Å"Drink† added to inform passersby that the new drink was for sodium carbonate fountain refreshment. During the first twelvemonth. gross revenues averaged a modest nine drinks per twenty-four hours. Dr. Pemberton neer realized the potency of the drink he created. He bit by bit sold parts of his concern to assorted spouses and. merely prior to his decease in 1888. sold his staying involvement in Coca-Cola to Asa G. Candler. An Atlantan with great concern acumen. Mr. Candler proceeded to purchase extra rights and get complete control. Our Roadmap starts with our mission. which is digesting. It declares our intent as a company and serves as the criterion against which we weigh our actions and determinations. †¢ To review the world†¦ To animate minutes of optimism and happiness†¦ To make value and do a difference. Vision OF THE CCBPI Our vision serves as the model for our Roadmap and ushers every facet of our concern by depicting what we need to carry through in order to go on accomplishing sustainable. quality growing. Peoples: Be a great topographic point to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the universe a portfolio of quality drink trade names that anticipate and satisfy people’s desires and demands. Spouses: Raising a winning web of clients and providers. together we create common. digesting value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by assisting physique and support sustainable communities. Net income: Maximize long-run return to stockholders while being aware of our overall duties. Productiveness: Be a extremely effectual. thin and fast-moving organisation. II. PRACTICUM PROPER REPORT Narrative OF EXPERIENCE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART DIVISION OF DEPARTMENT TRAINER TIME FRAME OF TRAINING DUTIES ANDRSPONSIBILTIES SKILLS AND DEVELOPED AND WORK HABITS LEARNED MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT USED PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED ACTION TAKEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OBSERVED CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION II. PRACTICUM PROPER REPORT Narrative OF EXPERIENCE April 12. 2010. I started my on-the occupation preparation. I was really frightened to go forth our house and travel for because of some grounds. one of those ground is that I don’t know if I have the backbones to make everything that the trainer will inquire me to make. I’m rather nervous and aroused because I know that I can larn a batch of chance that was given to me. Challenging because I will hold to accommodate to the new environment and work with people whom I don’t know. On my first twenty-four hours. they have given me a undertaking to update the bulletin board which is need to calculate their gross revenues volume and gross revenues to merchandise history. they besides ask me to screen and set up grosss. bill and company fiscal statements and paperss. I was truly nervous but I said to my ego that I need to be calm to make the undertaking absolutely. Day after twenty-four hours. they giving me extra undertaking and sometimes the gross revenues director teach me some techniques in computing machines to do my work fast and easy done. The people in the office are all nice. they made me experience welcome and belong to them like their officemate. they ever Crack amusing gags. they are really eager to assist and learn me something new that will decidedly better my accomplishments that I can use in times that I am hired in a peculiar company. As the months and yearss goes by I got familiar with those undertaking. plants and challenge that they assigned me to make and I’m really grateful that I surpass all that challenge and thankful because I learned many things from them and last grateful because I was become a coca-cola household. DIVISION OF DEPARTMENT During the initial hebdomad of the trainee. he learned to analyse the company’s premises like grosss. bill. employee’s informations and client’s demands. On his clip of preparation he was assigned in manual poster. updating bulletin board. computing machine works. replying phone calls. and screening and forming files in the section. TRAINER His first trainer is the Territory Gross saless Manager Mr. Dominic Bagabaldo. He thought many things about the activity of their company and on how he manages their territory gross revenues section. The 2nd trainer is the secretary of the section Ms. Carla Mae Depante. She helped the trainee and thought everything that the supervisors ask him to make. The 3rd trainer is Mr. Reynaldo Paz and the Supervisors and the history developers. They utilized him by giving work to make. TIME FRAME TRAINING The trainee started his on-the-job preparation on April 12 ; 2010. He is required to hold 400 hours. He took 2 months and finished the preparation on June 16. 2010. II. PRACTICUM PROPER REPORT DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES During working period. the trainee got familiar with different undertakings on the Coca- Cola Company like: 1. Analyzing and equilibrating T-accounts. 2. Screening and set uping logistics and gross revenues paperss. 3. Encoding updated gross revenues. 4. Checking computing machine paperss. 5. Analyzing grosss and bill. 6. Faxing paperss. 7. Typing. 8. Microsoft excels readying. 9. Receiving phone calls 10. Scaning. 11. Updating the gross revenues to merchandise and gross revenues to volume bulletin. 12. Making bulletin board. 13. Sending and having electronic mail thru Nelumbo nucifera notes. 14. Filling paperss. 15. Laptop and projector readying and put up. 16. Photo copying of paperss. 17. Encoding client merchandise petition. 18. PowerPoint presentation doing for studies. 19. Cleaning and set uping office equipments. II. PRACTICUM PROPER REPORTSKILLS DEVELOPED AND WORK HABITS During the preparation. the trainee developedpromptness. Presence of head is besides needed particularly when he was assigned under the supervising of the full trainer. because he became more watchful and attentive of anything they ask him to make. Covering with all the officemates and higher-ups has been developed. Lastly. trust necessary when you are working at the Coca-Cola Company. The trainee learned a batch of work wonts at that place at CCBPI such as analysing and calculating gross revenues and unit volume. and encoding company and client’s information and devising certain that he entered right informations. Then doing call to his trainer to corroborate the application of the client’s. With all the learning’s that he gained on his on-the-job preparation at CCBPI. it made him more mature plenty being at work. Because he do certain that follow them right and accomplished every undertaking good and p roper. MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT USED 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Computer Fax machine Printer Xerox machine Calculator Stapler and puncher Telephone Cell phone 9. Scanner 10. Ball pen and board marker 11. Flash thrust 12. Laptop 13. Projector 14. Stonecutter and scissors II. PRACTICUM PROPER REPORTPROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED The trainee’s foremost job was he has to acquire along with the employees. He must hold to cognize them better. The 2nd 1 is deficiency of stuffs. informations and information for the work that the foreman ask him to make. And the last 1 is there is no available computing machine for him to complete the work. ACTION TAKEN The trainee merely makes himself responsible and honest to do the trainers trust and liked him. And when he is deficiencies of stuffs and information. he merely merely searches informations from the computing machine and sometimes inquiring for a aid by the secretary to supply information’s and stuffs that is needed. And when there is no available computing machine. he merely barrow a laptop to other foreman to do his work finished. II. PRACTICUM PROPER REPORT POSITIVE ATTITUDE OBSERVED The staffs every bit good as the members of the office are truly efficient in their responsibilities and duties. They are all accessible. suiting and sensitive about their client demands. Negative ATTITUDE OBSERVED Some of them are taking the company stuffs like reckoners. scissors and other office equipments. And the company merely have one line telephone that why there is a job on there communicating. And besides the system and the signal of their cyberspace are so slow. II. PRACTICUM PROPER REPORTCONCLUSION The pupils have undergone a good preparation. The undertaking given is to supply chances to heighten that trainee should be guarantee an overview of formation activities such as: organisation of information. airing of information. choice and rating of information. All of this information must be better. be develop with our ego. the school and our chosen profession. RECOMMENDATION The school must go on doing pupil more prepared for the on-the-job preparation through seminar and other plans. to hold greater assurance in their patterns. COOPERATION STATION Students must good pass on to the module coordinator an lineation of the assorted professional undertakings. which would be considers in specifying pupil program of work.

Task 3 A Essay Example

Task 3 A Essay Example Task 3 A Essay Task 3 A Essay Task 3 A Name: Course: Date: Task 3A Relationship between Drug Abuse and Academic Performance in the United States of America Quantitative Research Plan Drug abuse can be defined as the destructive constant use of one or more substances leading to problems such as changes in disposition that cause spontaneous behavior. This intake of drugs may be for medical purposes or mental stimulation. Prescriptive drugs are abused only when used for other purposes other than what they were intended or in disparity with the required dosage. Some of the most commonly abused drugs include cocaine, marijuana, tobacco and alcohol. There has been a significant rise in the number of students involved in drug abuse. This figure is set to rise in future if measures are not taken to curb this emerging trend in schools. Many students are either unaware of the consequences of drug abuse or have depreciated to the level of addiction. It is not clear why these students are abusing drugs at such an alarming rate yet the results are detrimental not just to their health but to their performance at school. These youngsters are initiated into drug use at an early age mostly in their teens. It could be attributed to having friends or acquaintances that use drugs, coming from dysfunctional families, or just the desire to experiment. These drugs serve the purpose of entertainment through mental stimulation, enhancement of stamina, done by students engaging in sports or a way of fitting into a certain clique. Hypothesis There is a relationship between drug abuse and academic performance in the United States of America. Null Hypothesis: There is no relationship between drug abuse and academic performance in the United States of America. Literature Review This is a common trend in among American students. The effects of abusing drugs vary with the kind of drug being used. However, some are common to all of them such as alterations in brain functioning, emotional problems such as depression, and behavioral problems. The tendency to engage in risky sexual behavior has affected girls in that they get unwanted pregnancies and they eventually have to drop out of school. Their chance of contracting sexually transmitted illnesses also increases. The worst of it is gradually getting addicted. Bearing this in mind, this research sets out to investigate the extent to which students abuse drugs and how it affects their academic performance. This way, a solution to the problem could be arrived at. Findings The study conducted revealed the reasons for drug abuse among students. It showed that they engage in it due to problems at home, stress caused by difficulty understanding the school curriculum, boredom and pressure from friends. This affects their schoolwork negatively through various ways. For instance, they confessed to skipping classes, not doing their assignments, engaging in bad behavior that got them suspended from school. This has a direct effect on their performance. They lose attention and can therefore not focus on their schoolwork and eventually achieve poor grades. Conclusion From the findings, we can tell that indeed there is a relationship between drug abuse and academic performance. All the above facts point to the reality that students who abuse drugs perform poorly than those who do not. This is because of the effects of the drugs on their ability to function properly. When their minds are stimulated by the drugs, their brain functionality decreases and they can no longer pay relevant attention to their academics. The students who drop out of school because of abusing drugs miss out entirely on education. Therefore, it is important that a solution for this problem be found quickly to prevent further damage.

Obsessed With Ob- Words

Obsessed With Ob- Words Obsessed With Ob- Words Obsessed With Ob- Words By Sharon The other day, someone used a word that I hadnt heard in a long time: obstreperous. I love the way that rolls off the tongue. It means noisy, unruly, belligerent, cantankerous you get the picture. Obstreperous originates from the Latin prefix ob- (against) and strepere (to make a noise). A drunk being hustled out of a bar, while protesting loudly might be described as obstreperous. Other meanings for the prefix ob include contrary, against, towards or in the way of. It appears in several English words including: obdurate (from the Latin durare to harden) inflexible object (from the Latin iacere to throw) argue against obligate (from the Latin ligare to bind) bind legally obliterate (from the Latin litera letter) erase or destroy obnoxious (from the Latin noxius harmful) offensive obsession (from the Latin sidere to besiege) persistent preoccupation obstacle (from the Latin stare to stand still) a barrier obstinate (from the Latin struere- to stand) stubborn obstruct (from the Latin struere- to pile up) impede Variations of ob- include oc-, of-, op-, and o- in words such as: occasion (from the Latin cadere to fall) opportunity occlude(from the Latin claudere to shut) obstruct occult (from the Latin culere to cover) shut off from view occupy (from the Latin capere/cupare to seize) take possession of occur (from the Latin currere to run) happen offend (from the Latin fendere to hit) violate or cause pain offer (from the Latin ferre to carry) present or make available omit (from the Latin mittere to send) leave out opponent (from the Latin ponere to place) adversary More ob- words on Obnoxious Observations Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be)90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Virtualize Desktop Infrastructure in the Work Environment Research Paper

Virtualize Desktop Infrastructure in the Work Environment - Research Paper Example First, the connections could be done through affordable bundles or protocol to make it more affordable. The technology can be introduced in primary and high school cariculum toequip the young generation with its implications in the society. Furthermore, the network can be advanced to enable users access data from centric desktop server from a more wider range. Companies offering the technology The technology is available since it is offered by several companies in major parts of the world. Virtualization vendors like VMware and Citrix have taken a healthy lead in providing the technology to their regional and international clients. Vendors like Pano Logic as well as Quest Software have a reputable profile as far as the VDI Technology is concerned (Gilam,219). The companies not only do the actual connections but also provide consultancies regarding purchase of large computer storage devices to run on virtual systems (desktops). Furthermore, they partner with mobile devices companies l ike Nokia, Samsung, LG and Techno among others on how users (tablets and Smartphones) can use such devices to access data stored on a certain desktop. Computer firms like HP, Toshiba, Compaq and Acer also uses this strategies to attract and maintain more customers. Pano Logics came up with ‘a zero client’ processor with no drive but is connected with a mouse, keyboard as well as screen/monitor. The system software like operating system is be installed in a certain server then accessed through a defined network. The company laments that the system is cheap since it requires no memory or storage drive, which essentially is the most expensive part in a computer system. Some companies special computer networks to enable users access the data in the virtual servers. Fujitsu is a technological firm that provides bundles called Fujitsu VDI Bundles. This enables workers switch work places with ease. The network covers a wider region depending on the protocol used. The company h as a attractive profile since majority of reputable companies depend on its bundles network for the server virtualization. The company has also partnered with VDI offering companies like Citrix among others. VDI technology is applicable in several companies with a chain of departments and workers. Some of the famous companies or organizations that have already adapted the technology include Microsoft, Caterpillar, Toshiba, Compass group companies, Nike and Nokia among others. The companies share some basic features in common, for instance, they have more departments and employees. Furthermore, they have regional establishes or offices that depend on common server based in the head offices. Some world class learning institutions like Universities and colleges have also adopted technology. But precaution measures must be taken in such cases. Students may use the technology to access some vital confidential information like exams or other related assessments from the main server. There for, learning institutions may have two or more servers where one server to be solely for academic staff or school administration and not be accessed by the students. The technology is also applied in national or state security department. One may be arrested in a different street or state but his/her previous criminal records accessed from the main national server, via the technology. Reliability of the technology Some of the advantages associated with the technology are that it is cost friendly. A company

Legal Aspects of International Business Assignment - 2

Legal Aspects of International Business - Assignment Example This relates to performing especially copyrighted music, plays or other literary works in public. Therefore, the copyrighted work cannot be exploited by another person for economic gains without permission from the author. It aims to safeguard the economic returns that are due to the author due to that work. Under section 102 of the U.S Copyright Act of 1976, the 7 categories of works eligible for copyright protection are literary works, Motion pictures and other audiovisual works, dramatic works, choreographic works and pantomimes, sound recordings, musical works together with the accompanying words and pictorial, sculptural and graphic works. Ann invention is a new creation either by manufacturing or composition that is unique in its aspects. It may be a new process, a new or better use of an existing material or process. Therefore, it can be a new technical or scientific idea. Inventions often arise from extensive research. They are protected through intellectual property

The Personal Challenge That I Face Essay Example for Free

The Personal Challenge That I Face Essay The personal challenge that I faced mainly dealt with my health. Ever since I was child, I was very sick physically. The doctor recommended that I not play or participate in any type of sports because of my poor health. This led to a lack of confidence in myself to perform my best. I have always thought that there was a barrier somewhere in my life, and I could not pass that barrier because if I did then my life would certainly be in ruins. I was told that no one could perform many tasks at once and be successful. Ever since, I always have an image that if I participated in activities at school then I would do poorly in my school work. I never pushed my limits to the maximum to challenge myself. It was as if there was a wall standing in front of me blocking me from being successful. I was always afraid that the consequences might be permanent and my grades would drop. For years, I have always focused my energy and time into studying and being successful for my future. I never participated in any activities in or outside of school. I would sometimes help my mom take care of the housework because they have to work hard to keep the house financially stable. Maintaining a 3.7 or higher GPA throughout my middle and high school years, I was very happy with my academic accomplishments. In my sophomore year, my vice-principal and counselor encouraged me to join an after-school activity so that I would be qualify to be a member of the National Honor Society during my junior year. I gave a lot of thought to this during sophomore year, and I decided that I should at least try one sport. I joined the softball team, but because of my lack of skills, I was cut from the team. However, I did not give up because my motto is Once you give up, you give up everything including life. I always go by this simple principle and this is what keeps me going on even today. Then I tried outdoor track and found myself struggling and being the slowest person in school. I did not run any race during the meet for that entire year. I was angry at myself for the year. I told myself, If others can do it, then you can too. Throughout my life, I have always tried to challenge myself by trying to succeed. I always have set high standards in myself. I would never let myself be ranked low among others whether it is school work or anything else. At first, I thought that something would have to be  sacrificed because it is natures law to make man not perfect. No one can do well in more than one thing and that is what I believed for the first half of my life. That philosophy however had been shattered by a boy who I met while running for the track team. He was the most perfect boy I have ever met in my life. He was valedictorian of the class of 90 and an outstanding athlete. He opened the gateway to another world for me. I told myself, If He can do it, then I can certainly do it also. From then on, I realized that there is no limit to what a human can do if they put their mind to it. This opened another world to me. I enjoy sports, especially running and swimming. During my junior year, I joined cross country, indoor track, the swim team, and outdoor track. My time in running has improved dramatically, especially during my senior year. I am now captain of the cross country team and co-captain of the swim team. I have improved my time after ever swim meet, track meet, or cross country meet. Even more importantly, I still was able to maintain a very high GPA. This proved to me that I can do anything if I only try. The insight which I have gained from this experience has given me a great boost of self-esteem. I learned that there are no limits to what a human being can do if he or He only does their best. To further prove my theory, I got a job during the summer and kept it during the school year. I am also currently taking four Advanced Placement classes during my senior year along with after school activities. I am doing this to help myself be prepared for college and to further improve my life, because I am spending more time doing other activities such as sports, homework, and going to work. I am hoping to continue being conscientious throughout my college years, as I strive to do my best academically.

Chinese Immigration Into America Essay -- essays research papers

Chinese Immigration into America Surprisingly, Asian Americans have been in America for over 150 years. They are as diverse as the immigrants from Europe, ranging from China, Japan, Korea, Cambodia, Korea, Philippines, India, Vietnam, and Laos. (Takaki, page 8) When many people think of American Immigrants, Asians are on the last of their lists. In The Uprooted, Harvard historian, Oscar Handlin, prize winning book with the subtitle "the Epic Story of the Great Migrations that Made the American People," completely left out the "uprooted" from the lands across the Pacific Ocean. (Takaki, page 10) This paper will give some information pertaining to the Chinese immigration into America. China is one of the world's oldest civilizations. It influence have reverberated throughout Asia. It's presence is felt in many of the surrounding cultures. The Chinese people have tried to keep their society pure from outside sources. When foreigners entered their homeland and poisoned the population with drugs, the culture could not stop the imminent alteration of their ways. China was weakened severely and was taken advantage of by many countries. Chinese came to America for a myriad of reasons. The main reason was because of the myth of the Gam Saan ("Golden Mountain.") Other reasons were due to overpopulation, poverty, hunger, flooding, high taxes, bad economy, collapsing government, and crop failure. (Takaki, page 38) James Marshall discovery of gold in California in 1848 prompted many Chinese to take a sojourn into America to get rich quick. A young man in Canton wrote to his brother in Boston saying, "good many Americans speak of California, Oh! Very rich country! O hear good many Americans and Europeans go there very much. I think I shall go to California next summer." Stories like these built up this dream of the "Golden Mountain." The plan for most Chinese was to make their fortune, and return home to their family. The dream of getting rich quick has been around for ages. Due to this, a trickle of immigrants turned into a deluge. The whole thing began in 1835. William Hooper, a young man from Boston, visited a sugar mill in Hawaii. He became determined to start the first sugar plantation in Hawaii. Without a large supply of laborers, Hooper hired "Chinamen" to aid in the su... ...are or "china", is revered by many Americans. Even the name of the represents Americas debt. In addition, many Chinese trinkets and artwork are prized possessions among the American society. The immigration of the Chinese into the United States has greatly supplemented the cultural heritage of the nation. (Melendy, page i) "Asians with their capacity for hard work in the face of economic and social adversity and to advance economically, have created cultural microcosms form which their children venture to become Americans." (Melendy, page i) Unlike most European immigrants, Asians tend to disprove the original Melting Pot theory of America. The Asians, "†¦ did not wish to amalgamate with the dominant society and most certainly white Americans of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries made it abundantly clear that they were opposed to Asian immigration and settlement." (Melendy, page i) The United States is a nation of immigrants. "All groups have left their mark upon the country's fabric. Their physical stamina and intellectual abilities have enabled them to make their mark and to add measurably to the American heritage." (Melendy, page 182)

Cry Freedom

Donald Woods is an editor of the Daily Dispatch, a Journal in East London, South Africa. One morning he gets news of a police raid in the black township Crossroads which lies in Cape Town. He also gets photos of the raid and he decides to print them although the government doesn ‘t allow to print such photos. Woods doesn t believe the demand of the black people but he is trained as a lawyer and doesn ‘t like police brutality against black people. So he also writes an editorial about a Biko, the leadership of ?The SC†. The next day Dr.Mamphela who works for Biko in is clinic, comes to Woods office to speak to him, about this article. She is very angry, because she thinks, that Woods has printed rubbish about Biko and that he is uninformed about the ideas that Biko has. So she invents him to meet Biko in his banning area. chapter 2 and 3: Some days later Woods meets Steven Biko in an old church were he wants to make a centre for black people. First he is critical agai nst Biko, but then he listens to Biko's opinion and they mentally changed the roles. Biko also goes with Woods to the clinic, which Biko has built.The clinic is only for black people, with black workers and a black doctor. But Woods already think that black and whits should work together, but he also understands, that the blacks wants something that they put up themselves. At the end Biko invites Woods to come and see how black people in South Africa really live. chapter 4 and 5: In the black township, they eat with a black family. Biko, the family and are discussing about the system, the history how the white came to South Africa and how the black people got their bad situation which they have now.After this visit Woods change his mind, because he sees for the first time how worse the black has to live, how big their espair is but also how strong their togetherness stay. At the end of this day Biko and Woods become friends. chapter 6: Six weeks later Woods gives TenJy and Mapetla, two friends of Biko, a Job in his newspaper. Mapetla takes Woods and Ken to a footballmatch of the black. Instead of the match Biko helds a speech. Ken and Woods were convinced by this speech and the ideas Biko represent. hapter 7: After the match Biko is caught by the police because an informer of the government had told the police about the speech. In the police office Biko gets hit by Captain De Wet. After he fght between Biko and De Wet two policemen throw Biko out of the office. Two weeks later Biko is a main witness for the defence of two student organizations who arranged two years before a large meeting in support of the new government in Mozambique. Woods prints the words of Biko although it is against the law. chapter 8: In this night Captain De Wet and two other policemen smash all things of value in the church.Donald Woods cannot print this in his newspaper because the witness is a black man called Dilima and if Woods prints his name, Dilima would kill by the police. So Woods approach to Kruger, the Minister of Police, and speaks with him about the incident. The minister declares him that he will pursues that matter because he doesn ‘t want that such sort of things happen. Woods thinks that the police men aren't as worse as many blacks think, Woods unfortuantely trust him. chapter 9: But on sunday afternoon two policemen come and want to know the name of the witness from Woods.Woods explains them that he was by Kruger and he gets angry because Kruger had betrayed him. Because the two havent a warrant Woods could send them away without saying the name. It does not happen anything for weeks and Woods thinks that it is alright. But it is not. chapter 10: One night the two policemen check the passport of Woods black housekeeper Evalina. Woods throws them out of his property. The next day, the police take revenge: Three men jump out of a car and take Mapetla in it. Donald Woods thinks that Mapetla gets beaten by them and that they make an example so that no other black person will dare him.Two days later TenJy gets arrested without any charges. After a week Mapetla is dead. The official explanation of the death from Mapetla is, that he anged himself. But Biko and Woods cannot believe that, so Biko demands a inquest. TenJy is the main witness at the inquest but the Judge closes the inquest without fix the death of Mapetla on anybody. chapter 1 1: Biko drives to Cape Town to speak in an important meeting of black students although he knows that it's forbidden for him. On the way back form Cape Town the car was stopped by the police and they want to see the papers from Biko.As they recognize the person in the car, they arrest him promptly to the prison in Port Elizabeth. Six days later the police call a doctor to look at Biko. The body is covered with bruises, the forehead and eyes seriously injured. On the chest and lips are cuts. The doctor orders to bring Biko in a hospital. Although the doctor tells them that Biko possible has a brain damage they want to bring him to the police hospital in Pretoria a 1000 kilometres away and not to Port Elizabeth Wich is only 4 kilometres away because they would have the control about him.The doctor cannot do anything against the police and so they put Biko on a blanket at the floor in the back of a Land Rover. Then they drive with Biko on thousand km rough country roads and during the Journey Biko's head is bumping on he floor. chaper 12: Biko dies and Woods prints a article about him with the headline â€Å"BIKO DIES IN CUSTODY†. The Minister of Police denies police responsibility and he says that Biko has been arrested outside his banning area and died because he starved himself to dead.One day after Bikos dead Ntsiki, who is the wife of Biko, Woods and Ken go to the mortuary to find out how Biko actually died. They were all shocked by the appearance of Biko's body, the lips are swollen, a huge lump on the forehead and many bruises around his eyes. Ken sudde nly puts out a small camera and makes photos of Biko's body. Woods and his wife arrive at the funeral and they see thousands of black people with pictures of Biko. There would come more black people but there are road-blocks of the police. The mood of the crowd is angry but also sorrowful.After a speech the crowd begin to sing the African Song which Steven Biko loved. chapter 13: Woods wants that other newspapers write about Biko's death, because if he does, the government would shut the Daily Dispatch. But all the other newspapers are also afraid and wouldn't fight the system this way. So Woods decides to fly to New York under a false name. The day he leave he sends the photos to England an America printed the pictures of Biko's body and demands on an inquest. But on the airport two securitys stopp Woods and bring him in an office.There Lieutnant Beukes reads from a warrent to Woods that he becomes a banning person for five years. chapter 14: Although the police forbid Woods to wri te he starts to write a book about Biko ‘s life, because he thinks that Bikos ideas have to live on. family has to escape from South Africa if they don ‘t want to get killed. Wendy first doesn't agree with this idea and the two have a big conflict. A few days later, the hildren of Woods reached a anonym parcel with poissoned Shirts. After this awful experience Wendy also wants to publish the book. hapter 15: So Woody quickly begins to plan the escape with Father Kani and Bruce McCullough. The 31st December in the night Woods escape begins: He disguise himself in father Curren and Wendy drives Woods to King Williams town, from where he hitch-hike to a place beyond Queenstown. There he meet Father Kant, who drives him to the edge of the river Telle. In the early morning of the 1st January Woods should crossover the river but it doesnt work because the river was too wide and deep. So he went back to the edge of the river. chapter 16: Woods knows that Tami, a friend of Biko lives near, so he walks to him.Tami brings him by car to the Telle Bridge, when Woods wants to open the gate, a Land Rover stopp in front of him. Fortunately the man, called Moses, was from the postal service and he even take Woods to Maseru. At the passport station he has no problems, so he gets to Lesotho without more problems. There he quickly phones to his family, they also follow. chaper 17: Moses brings Woods to the point where he meets Bruce, who brings him to Maseru, where he talks to the Brithis cting high Cmmisioner to ask him to enter their country. chapter 18: The next morning Woods family also arrives in Lesotho.The whole family gets passports from the United Nations and flyes with a private pilot, who wills to fly over South Africa without landing. Woods felt a little sad when he sees his homeland because he might never see it again. But he was also happy, because he will publish his book and show Biko's ideas to the whole world. He hopes that men's minds could be chan ge, before the price become too high. In his mind he hears the crowd of thousands singing at Biko's funeral. Donald Woods is one of the important persons in the story. He is married with Wendy and has five children.Woods is 42 and the editor of the Daily Dispatch. In the beginnig of the book he doesn t believe that black people should be allowed to vote and he also accepts the laws that forced blacks and whites to live in separate areas. He only disagree the police brutality against the black. The meeting with Biko in the curch, when they change the roles mentals, the speech of Biko at the stadium and his first view of the township, when he feels the strong sense of togetherness Woods change his mind about his political ideas. He becomes a good friend of Biko and he helps him to fght for more rights for the black.So he gets troubles with the government and in the end he has to escape of the country where he has born, because he wants to publish the book about Biko. Stephan Biko is a serious, intelligent and handsome young black man. He is a warm and gently person. Stevenn is married with Ntsiki and has two children. He is a banned person which means that he can only be in his banning area and he is able to speak only with one person except his family. Biko gets in this situation because he fghts for more rights for the black. He is one of the most important leader of the Black Consciousness.Steven often goes out of his banning area and so once he gets caught and finally kill by the is dedicated to the struggle for black rights. For him South Africa was for black and white, they only had to find a way to live together without violence. Biko is banned because of his leadership of a movement called â€Å"The Black Consciousness† (equal rights for blacks and whites, live together without violence, black should be proud of being black, blacks should know their history, not anymore accept the handship imposed by the system, confrontation without violence)

Contexts of disabilities Essay

Section 1 = Legislation and polices that support the human rights and inclusion of individuals with learning disabilities. 1.1 Identify current legislation and polices used by the care sector that are designed to promote the human rights, inclusion, equal life chances and citizenship of individuals with learning disabilities. Legislations and polices is improve the health and wellbeing of people with a learning disability. This legislation and polices balancing their rights with responsibilities. It basically makes it against the law to discriminate against people due to them having a disability. Legislation and polices is deliberate very clear rules which every care sector have to follow which make SEN people life better than before. Employers may still have reasonable medical criteria for employment. The act defines disability as a substantial and long term adverse effect on person’s ability to carry out daily task. One of the main causes of discrimination is the fear and lack of understanding of others because they are different. In order to prevent discrimination it is important to value people and treat them differently in order to meet their different needs. -Human Rights Act 1998 become law in 2000 gives people rights that there were wished-for to prevent discrimination -Mental Capacity Act2005. Human beings have value and should be treated equally based on the fact that they are human fist. Human worth is not based on either capacity or incapacity. Human rights include the right to life, liberty and security and respect for a private and family life is well. England and Wales have had laws against discrimination since the 1960s. The Race Relations Acts of 1965, 1968 and 1976 outlawed race discrimination, the Equal Pay Act 1970 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 outl awed gender discrimination and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 outlawed disability discrimination. -Care Standard Act 2000 -Disability Discrimination Act 1995-2005 -Equality Act 2010 -National Health service and Community Act 1990 -procedure and policies of any organization -Codes of Practice This is an act of the parliament of the United Kingdom which has now been replaced by the Equality Act 2010. Legislation under the EqA it is unlawful  to discriminate against someone who has a disability. The EqA provides protection against discrimination that happens at work, in the provision of services, public functions and premises, and in education. The EqA also deals with discrimination in associations. It does so by making discrimination unlawful in a number of ways, and by providing legal remedies to individuals who experience discrimination 1.2 Explain how this legislation influences the day to day experiences of individuals with learning disabilities and their families The legislation who promotes people rights gives protection to people with disabilities not to be discriminated against on the grounds of their disabilities. Parents of children with special needs often feel that they are the only ones who can handle their child’s care. This is certainly true to an extent but that doesn’t mean that you can’t get away for a few hours every now and then. By leaving your child with a trusted sitter or family member you are teaching your child to handle change. Your child will develop the resilience and adaptability that every kid deserves to learn, regardless of overall health. Legislation gives SEN people and family Explain how policies influence the day to day experiences of individuals with learning disabilities and their families. Learning disabilities is life time impairment and usual is reducing the ability of the people to live independently. Disable people have the same fundamental rights as any other people. People with learning disabilities should have a support for their needs and this support is given by family and care worker. It is difficult to paint a portrait of what it’s like to manage the day-to-day life of a child with SEN; Getting a job or education, travelling, going for a drink or to the cinema with friends is ordinary activities but for disabled people remain difficult to achie. Our day to day practices and attitude are important in how effective this policies and rights are followed in real life. Is very important to family members and carers who are supporting people with learning disabilities to†¦ but you may feel confused and distressed. But there is help available for people and families from health, education and social services, 2.1- Explain what is meant by ‘Learning disability’ give examples of causes of learning disabilities including before birth, during birth and after birth. Having a learning disability  means that people find it harder to learn certain life skills. The problems experienced vary from person to person. There is no clear and widely accepted definition of â€Å"Learning disability†. It is important to remember that people with learning disabilities are people first. Someone with mild disabilities may be able to live independently with minimal support, whereas someone with severe and profound disabilities may require 24 hour care, and help with performing most daily living skills. The World Health Organisation defines learning disabilities as â€Å"a state of arrested or incomplete development of mind.† This means that somebody with a learning disability will have difficulties understanding, learning and remembering, and these difficulties will have an effect on their ability to interact socially, to communicate with others, to learn new things, and sometimes to undertake physical tasks.[Department of Health 2001] Learning disabilities are caused by something that affects the way the brain develops. This may occur when brain is still developing-before birth (prenatally), during birth, or in early childhood. †¢ There are around 1.5 million people in the UK with learning disabilities. These impairments are present when a baby is born or acquired shortly afterwards. These are some examples. Before birth things can happen to the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) that can cause a learning disability. A child can be born with a learning disability if the mother has an accident or illness while she is pregnant, or if the unborn baby develops certain genes Some examples of birth defects that affect the nervous system include Autism, Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome. Autism-Some people with autism are able to live relatively independent lives but others may have accompanying learning disabilities and need a lifetime of specialist support. People with autism may also experience over- or under-sensitivity to sounds, touch, tastes, smells, light or colours. Asperger syndrome is a form of autism. People with Asperger syndrome are often of average or above average intelligence. They have fewer problems with speech but may still have difficulties with understanding and processing language. During birth- A person can be born with a learning disability if he or she  does not get enough oxygen during childbirth, or is born too early. Anoxia is a condition in which the brain of the baby does not receive enough oxygen to allow it to develop properly. Anoxia can cause certain forms of epilepsy, mental deficiency, cerebral palsy, and behaviour disorders. If the amount of brain damage is not too severe, however, it may be possible to compensate for the disorder to some extent. Epilepsy can often be controlled with drugs, for instance, and many children with cerebral palsy can learn to control their affected muscles. After birth- After birth a learning disability can be caused by early childhood illnesses. Some childhood infections can affect the brain, causing learning disability; the most common of these are encephalitis and meningitis. Social and environmental factors, such as poor housing conditions, poor diet and health care, malnutrition, lack of stimulation and all forms of child abuse may lead to learning disability. Severe head injury, for example from a road accident, may result in learning disability 2.2- State the approximate proportion of individuals with a learning disability for whom the cause is â€Å"not known†. 2.3- Describe the possible impact on a family of having a member with a learning disability. Coping with a child’s learning disability is stressful for any paren. How will family members take the news? Some time parents will accept the problem and offer support right away. But some parent avoiding talking about child’s LD because they feeling ashamed or hiding something, embarrassed, or guilty. Being in the family of a child with LD is difficult and challenging in every step of your life. These can be a involving practical and emotional issues. There are medical and educational decisions, financial pressures, and time constraints — all likely to represent additional responsibilities for parents. And all typical emotions naturally concern, frustration, anger, self-recrimination and blame — also contribute to the pressures normally upsetting to the family stability and divisive to a marriage. Also Parents have to balance the demands of all their children, not just those with special needs. eg.. Siblings often feel jealous of all the extra attention a child with LD needs, such as extra help on homework,  tutoring, time spent , and may be they quickly to say anger or make comments that can hurt. 1-Know the difference between the medical and social models of disability. 1.1/1.2Over the past few years there are number of ‘models’ of disability which have been clear. The two most commonly mentioned are the ‘social’ and the ‘medical’ models of disability. Medical Model-Medical model of disability views disability as a ‘problem’ or â€Å"the victim† belongs to the disabled person. Sometime they think is a ‘personal tragedy’. They think it is not a concern anyone other than the individual affected. Medical model belief that disable person should make extra effort to ensure that they can do it by them self and not inconvenience anyone else rather then they self. Medical model is professional dominance and there are well qualified, experience and professional people.This model more focuses on the need of persons physical, sensory or mental functioning, and use a clinical way support an individual’s disabi lity. Medical model focus is on what person cannot do, rather then what they do. Social Model-Social model is more inclusive. They think disability is a social problem and self help groups and systems benefits disable people enormously. Social model think disable people have individual identity and they should receive all rights and responsibility. They think they should make their own choices. They try and make possible for how SEN people can participate in activity on same level with non-disabled people. Social model make some certain adjustment for disabled people so they can enjoy the event and not excluded from. For that some time you have to spend some money and time is well. The principal of the social model is that this should be respected every people whether they disable or not. 1.3-Outline how each of the models has developed and evolved over time. Living with disability that is one of the difficulties we can’t even imagine what they going through? People judge differently, Disabled person was also hidden away from the society by family members. There was institution run by government and DR would recommended to parents placed the child and forget about their by family. they often forgotten about theme. E.g.. Is there children are safe? Is their needs are meet? How and what condition they are  live? In this institution there were many that traded poorly, abused, neglected and murdered either by family members or at the hands of institution workers. Sometime there were not enough people to take care of them and so they tied baby to their beds even abused physically is well. A lot of them were died at young ages due to severe neglects and abused. People commonly used â€Å"Moron, stupid, idiot, freaks† labels for special needs person.. Most of these pleases are finally closed down in 80’s, 90’s. Now we use group homes and residential treatment programs for today’s society. Family also takes care of their disabled children and adults children and grandparents. We have more understanding and empathy now and authorities are more answerable is well. Also people more educated and get more knowledge about disabled people. This changed people view. Not only society but medical model was very limited for disable person. People have not up to date qualification to help disable people. There was very pity and negative attitude in hospital is well. In hospital Dr and nurse avoid to treat the disabled person. There have no feeling for them and seeing as They feel the society does not accept them; therefore they have low self-esteem and la ck confidence in themselves. This causes them to back down when they face problems. Children and young people with disabilities face discrimination, this means they are sectioned out, compared to the normal people of the society and they have fewer choices. For example; some children/young People are physically disabled which enable them to do such activities and they do not always receive the support they need, due to lack of medical help. Children with disabilities have fewer opportunities compared to other children in society because they cannot always do the things other children can do. Disabled people are still struggling for the right to use public transport, have access to building, go to school or college with their friends and siblings or to get a job this has a negative impact on the disabled children because they lose confidence and they are unable to do the activity the other child is able to do. Lack of confidence will also affect the child in the future. Time is change now because Disability Discrimination Activity (1995) has helped but people with disabilities still often feel that the dominant culture sees then as different from everyone else. Some parts of society  shows positive attitudes towards disabled children to show that they support them. They try and give an impact that they believe everyone is equal and have the same human rights. Nowadays the government show a positive attitude towards disabled children/ young people and their families by proving help and support legally because of the ‘Disability Act 1995 and 2005’ and ‘Every Child Matters 2003’ These acts give more human rights to disabled children. For example, in schools disabled children are given the right to be educated with normal kids and they are given all the support and encouragement, such as teachers would use sign language to help communicate with the child if needed. Also teachers teach all students sign language so that they are able to communicate with the special need child. This is helpful for the special need child because they feel more comfortable in their environment and equally treated. 1.4- Give examples of where each model of disability may be used in service delivery. Example of medical model: Disable student unable to go to the building because in entrance they have steps. The medical model would recommend and blamed the wheelchair that this is because of the wheelchair, rather than the steps. A teacher who refuses to make a hand-out in a larger font for a visually impaired student. for that reason The student cannot participate in the class discussion; A member of staff who refuses to make available a copy of a PowerPoint presentation before a lecture. This creates a barrier to learning for the dyslexic students in the group who are likely to have a slower processing and writing speed and who will struggle to understand and record the key points; Example of Social model: Disable person wants to go in to the building but is it not possible because in building have a step in entrance. Under the social model there is solution, they put ramp or the stars lift in to the entrance so that wheelchair user is immediately and easy to go in to the building and participate the event. A teenager wants to live independently in their own home but he can’t afford to pay the rent. Under the social model, they find supper {claim benefits} for the teenager so he can pay rent and live in their own home. A child with visual impairment to read the latest novel, so he can join the cultural activates with everyone else. A solution for social model is that they makes full-text audio recordings available when book is fist published so child can involved in activity and not exclude. 2.1 Identify how the principles of each model are reflected in service delivery. The principal of each model are reflected in service delivery by meeting the additional needs of the disabled person. E.g. A child who is deaf needs support from medical model and specialised equipment from social model, A child who is wheelchair bound needs a support worker for the medical model and involvement in all activites for the social model. The medical model of disability impacts on the inclusion by needing the rights equipment. The social model of disability impact on the inclusion by needing a supports worker. The medical model of disability impacts on the rights by being able to do activities that able child can do. The social model of disability impacts on the rights by having the freedom of choices. The medical model self-government having and provide special materials, help and support and the right medication. The social model finds individuals needs by having one to one time every so often and having the correct facilities. 2.2 Explain how each of the models of disability impacts on the: Inclusion: The Early Years Foundation Stage [EYFS] and the National Curriculum give clear guidance’s on an inclusive approach to learning and assessment. The EYFS provides a statement on the duty of settings to meet the needs of all children in relation. We must respect people as they are and not discrimination due to any of team and condition and treat them all same. All children should get the same attention and service. E.g. all children should get the same food menu, and play together regarding of sex, race and disability. Inclusion also involves eliminating discrimination and promoting equality. Throughout its work, the Council is committed to being inclusive – valuing and reflecting the full diversity of the community it serves. It will believe and communicate that: We should focus on individuality Treat children with equal concern, not all the same Avoid stereotyping Provide positive images When we start remove this barriers and make sure that all children and family can be feel include and part of it. Working towards inclusion involved We need to respond in such a way that barriers to participation, learning and achievement are removed, inclusion and equality are promoted and a high quality education for all is developed and sustained. An inclusive approach reflects a move away from a deficit model which focuses on aspects of the learner as the problem, where the learner is viewed as deficient in some way. A deficit model also pays inadequate attention to factors such as social expectations, or aspects of the education system or learning environment that could be changed to enable diverse learners to participate and learn. Also, categorising an individual or a group by a single or a few characteristics may be misleading and doesn’t recognise the whole person. Developing inclusion will involve learners, professionals, partners, parents, carers and the wider community. Rights: Inclusion also involves eliminating discrimination and promoting equality. Diversity of It will believe and communicate that: Everyone have to right to be included Everyone has the right to be treated fairly Everyone has the right equality of access We must respect people as they are and not discrimination due to any of team and condition and treat them all same. All children should get the same attention and service. E.g. all children should get the same food menu, and play together regarding of sex, race and disability. Autonomy: Needs of individuals: 2.3-Explain how own practice promotes the principal of inclusion: Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Protects the rights of all those with disabilities. It also places a duty on schools (and other organisations) to eliminate barriers to ensure that  individuals can gain equal access to services Disability Discrimination Act 2005 Places a duty for schools to produce a Disability Equality Scheme (DES) and an Access Plan. Schools must encourage participation in all aspects of school life and eliminate harassment and unlawful discrimination Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 Makes it unlawful for educational providers to discriminate against pupils with a special educational need or a disability Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000Outlines the duty of organisations to promote good relationships between people from different races. Human Rights Act 1998 Sets out rights of all individuals and allows them to take action against authorities when their rights have been affected Children Act 1989 Sets out the duty of local authorities (including schools) to provide services according to the needs of children and to ensure their safety and welfare Children Act 2004 Sets out the duty to provide effective and accessible services for all children and underpins the five Every Child Matters outcomes Education Act 1996 Sets out the school’s responsibilities towards children with special educational needs. The Act also requires schools to provide additional resources, equipment and / or additional support to meet their needs Equality Act 2010 Sets out the legal responsibilities of public bodies, including schools, to provide equality of opportunity for all citizens. This brings together nine equality laws.

Fuel Hedging a Strategy for Air Carriers to Combat Fuel Hike Essays

Fuel Hedging a Strategy for Air Carriers to Combat Fuel Hike Essays Fuel Hedging a Strategy for Air Carriers to Combat Fuel Hike Essay Fuel Hedging a Strategy for Air Carriers to Combat Fuel Hike Essay Fuel Hedging A Strategy for Air Carriers to Combat Fuel Hike Index Jet Fuel – The Nemesis of Airlines In the year 2008, the growth of global aviation industry received a major bolt from the fear of global economic slowdown and the rise in crude oil prices. Though the global economic uncertainties impacted the business of airlines, but the steep surge in crude prices has changed the financial equations of the airline across the world, with India being no exception. In fact over the previous ten months crude prices have increased over 80 percent, from nearly $80 per barrel in October, 2007 to $147 per barrel in June, 2008. A similar increase was seen in the case of Arabian Gulf Jet prices. As per the figures released by IATA (International Air Transport Association), fig. 1, the price of Jet Fuel, as on 1st Aug’07, has increased by 314. 5% since 2000, and almost 70% since August last year. IATA has forecast the loss in aviation sector to be nearly USD 2. 3 billion (more than 9500 crores) in 2008. |1-Aug-08 | Fig. 1 Aviation Turbine Fuel more popularly known as ATF or Jet Fuel, continues to be the single largest cost factor for airlines constituting nearly 40 per cent of the total operating costs. Hence as ATF prices start to increase, airlines typically respond by raising fuel surcharges. Only Rs. 225 of the surcharge is payable to AAI (Airports Authority of India); the balance goes to the airlines. In the past six months alone, fuel surcharge has increased from nearly Rs 950 to Rs 2,350. That’s nearly an increase of 150%. Considering a basic fare of Rs 1,000(say) and other charges being constant, cost of flying has nearly doubled. : That is deterring the low and middle income group travelers who were beginning to switch to air travel mode from traveling by railways. The rise in crude prices is hurting both high end carriers and low cost carriers as the decline in the number of passengers has affected the load factor. The load factor for Indian carriers has come down during June-July period. Further increase in ticket prices, which is inevitable if the fuel prices rise further, can devastate the future plans of airlines. Reasons for Rise in Fuel Prices Demand Outstrips Supply According to the experts, the demand for crude oil is directly related to the world GDP growth. During the last few years, the developing countries like India and China have seen tremendous growth, and hence accelerated the demand for crude oil. Though the developed countries have also seen growth, but the increase in the buying power of people is higher in developing countries. Although the demand has surged but the supply side has not seen much change. The oil reserves are more or less same and producing same amount of oil. This mismatch in demand and supply has been the most prominent factor behind the crude prices rally. OPEC Control The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an organization of eleven developing countries that are the major exporter of crude oil across the globe. OPEC controls almost 40% of the world’s crude oil. It accounts for almost 75% of the world proven oil reserves. OPEC yields power to disturb the supply-demand equation by squeezing the supply side, and it has even been observed in the past that OPEC countries have reduced the supply of oil to increase the prices. Speculative Buying and Selling A lot has been debated over the trading of oil futures in the commodity exchanges around the world. The OPEC countries, to shift the blame, criticize that speculation causes the prices of commodities like fuel to rise beyond expectation. Cartelization and hoarding of oil are said to be responsible for such irrational increase in the crude prices. Possible Measures The factors that control the prices of crude oil are all external to aviation industry. The airlines can’t just wait and watch their profits dwindling. They need to pull out some strategy to safeguard itself against the nemesis. Globally the strategists in aviation are evaluating two options: Alternate Fuel – With the surge in fuel prices, the demand for an alternate fuel is all time high. Airlines and aero plane manufactures like Boeing and Airbus are spending millions on the research of technologies and alternatives to jet fuel. Recently Virgin Atlantic’s Richard Branson has allocated 3 Billion dollars to Virgin Green Fund to be spent on alternative fuel and solar technologies over the next decade. In the recent past several test flights have been made using the alternatives like bio fuel. Virgin Atlantic flew an experimental flight on a Boeing 747 using a blend babassu palm oil and coconut oil. The thrust is on the research of fuel which is environmentally safe and can be produced without putting stress on arable land. The aircraft manufactures are promoting research on fuel which can be drop-in replacement which should not require change in air frame, air engine as very expensive investment would be required then. Fuel Hedging Fuel hedging is the practice, often employed by airline companies, of making advance purchases of fuel at a fixed price for future delivery to protect against the shock of anticipated rises in price. Fuel hedging is a risk mitigating strategy. It doesn’t add to the profits but protects against any future losses due to rise in fuel prices beyond the expectations. Hedging is a popular tool used by the airlines globally to insure themselves during the fuel crisis situations. Fuel hedging is done in the commodities market either directly using the ATF/Jet Fuel futures or by surrogate means using crude oil futures or heating oil futures due to a very high degree of correlation between the prices of ATF and crude/heating oil. Since fuel has become the major component of expenses of airlines, many airlines like Lufthansa have created a separate department to devise strategies on oil. It has been observed that the strategies of such airlines have been predominated by fuel hedging. Hedging- A Lone Rescuer With relentless oil price fluctuations, and uncertainty of the results of bio fuel, the only answer for Indian Airline companies is to take a leaf out of the book of their global counterparts and incorporate a sustained hedging programme to maintain fuel cost as a percentage of total expenditure. Fuel Hedging and Global Carriers Fuel hedging is best exemplified by Southwest Airlines, a low cost American carrier, whose hedging against rising fuel costs has helped the discount carrier soar high above its competitors. Southwest treasurer Scott Topping mentioned in an interview that with their hedging advantage, they have enjoyed more flexibility in managing revenues. Southwest locked in oil at $51 a barrel prior to crudes yearlong run-up in the year 2007. For the first nine months of 07, the Dallas-based carrier realized gains of $427 million. Those hedging profits, a result of a shrewd call by Southwest CEO Gary Kelly, have kept costs down. To have a better understanding of the standing of airlines in term of hedging, let’s look at the Air Fuel Expense and hedging Summary for major airlines of US for the year 2003-04. Fig. 3 summarizes the fuel expense and hedging strategies for the 13 US airlines included in this analysis. [pic] Fig. 3 It can be seen in the figure the low cost carriers like Southwest and JetBlue are the major hedging airlines. Because of its hedging strategy, Southwest Airlines is termed as a hedging firm instead of an airline. However, the financial results of these airlines show that hedging has helped them to sail across in trouble water. Further, In addition to the obvious importance of controlling such a significant operating expense for an airline, numerous academic studies have demonstrated that measurable fuel hedging can increase the value of the firm. While there are a number of factors that influence an airlines valuation, the valuations of the airlines (as measured by the firm’s price to revenue ratio) do have a positive correlation coefficient with the airlines level of fuel hedging, as shown in Fig. 4. Price/revenue ratio is presented rather than price to earnings because many of the airlines have negative earnings. [pic]LUV – Southwest, JBLU- JetBlue, AMR- American, AAI – Airtran Holdings, FRNT – Frontier, MEH – Midwest Air, NWAC – Northwest, CAL – Continental, DAL – Delta, UALAQ- United, ATAH – ATA, UAIR – US Airways Fig. 4 Fig. 4 clearly shows that Southwest Airlines, and JetBlue, the airlines which hedge most, are valued proportionately higher than other airlines. The confidence of investors is higher in these airlines because their hedging strategies cover them against any fluctuation in fuel prices. Hedging is not only common among US carriers, the European carriers like Lufthansa and Air France-KLM have also shielded themselves from fuel fluctuations by locking into fuel hedging. Lufthansa hedge almost 85% of its fuel consumption and has increased its operating profit by 63% for fiscal year 2007-08. Airlines from Asia Pacific region such as Malaysian Airlines and Singapore Airlines have also used hedging during the fuel fluctuation. Fuel Hedging and Indian Carriers While aviation firms around the world have taken to hedging to insulate themselves from the high oil prices, Indian carriers have generally shied away from it. In 2007 when the government allowed hedging, Air India was the first airline in the county to hedge but soon backed out after it saw losses. Air India did hedging of 10% of its fuel consumption on NYMEX. A senior Air India executive told that the airline initially made money through hedging. But after a round of losses when oil came below the hedged prices, it discontinued the practice as no one wanted to take the risk. Unfortunately, such past experiences are still discouraging airlines from adopting a hedging strategy. Hedging is also considered to be a specialist domain which has resulted in some airlines staying away from it. A Raghunathan, CFO, Kingfisher Airlines, in his interview to DNA Money said, Because it was not allowed in India earlier, the expertise required for it is not available. However, airlines are waking up to the profits of hedging. â€Å"Hedging has not been traditionally done in India. In hindsight, it sounds wise today to have done that,† GoAir spokesperson Neeraj Kapoor quoted in a DNA Money. The company is evaluating the process of hedging. Fuel hedging is only allowed in India in 2007 by RBI. Earlier if an airline wanted to mitigate the risk of fuel prices; it could only hedge in foreign markets. This has also discouraged carriers as trading in foreign markets expose them to the problem of currency fluctuation. It’s like evading one problem to accept other. As an effect of RBI orders, MCX (Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Limited) has introduced ATF futures and crude oil futures. Fuel Hedging – Available Hedging Options in India ATF Futures Airlines in India can do hedging in both domestic and international markets. MCX has been given nod by the Forward Market Commission, the commodity markets regulator, in April to offer ATF futures. ATF futures are now available in futures market for trading. Appendix 1 details the different ATF futures contracts available for trading on MCX. Appendix 2 shows the month wise turnover for ATF futures as compared to other commodities futures on MCX. Since the trading of ATF futures has only started in July, figures are only available for the month of July. ATF futures can also be traded on JPTC. Airlines are a little suspicious of the hedging of ATF futures because the volume available for hedging is small and lack of availability of past trends. Crude Oil Futures ATF is only traded on only two commodity exchanges around the world – MCX and JPTC. So, airlines around the world, especially American and European carriers use surrogate hedging which basically means use of alternate commodity which has a high degree of price correlation with the original commodity. In the case of ATF, Crude oil and heating oil are the alternatives for ATF. As can be seen the figure below, there is a high degree of correlation between the price of Brent crude oil and Jet fuel. In the surrogate trading the actual transfer of commodity doesn’t take place. If the prices go up then profit earned in futures market can be used to buy Jet fuel in the spot market. [pic] Same holds true for heating oil (refer figure below) which is the main commodity of hedging by the airlines. In the US primarily airlines prefer heating oil for hedging. The number of contracts purchased depends on the correlation between the prices of the commodities. pic] Preferred Option in India – Brent Crude Oil Hedging For the quarter ending June’08, ATF futures were not available for trading. First future contract on MCX has expiry of July’08. So, Brent Crude oil (BRCRUDEOIL) futures traded over MCX are preferred to construct the model. Moreover, the ATF futures contracts volume is low which is deterring investors from investing. It has also be en noticed that ATF futures are 6 months contracts while the Brent Crude oil contracts are 3 months contract, so in the scenario like present days the short duration derivatives are preferred. In addition, the movement of the prices of both commodities is similar (refer Appendix 3). Hedging for Jet Airways Jet Airways along with Jet Lite is the largest carrier in India. It has the fleet of more than 100 aircrafts used for both domestic and international operations. For the two consecutive years, it has generated significant operating profit, but for the quarter ending June’08, it suffered an operational loss of Rs. 3950 millions (refer Appendix 4). The Fuel expenses, which used to constitute 25-30% of total expenses, were Rs. 3040 millions; approximately 40% of Jet Airways’ total expenses (refer Appendix 4) because of soaring Jet fuel prices. Jet Airways had hedged once on foreign bourses when fuel hedging was not allowed in India. However, due to the impact of currency fluctuation on the returns from hedging, the experience wasn’t satisfactory. Based on this experience, it didn’t opt for hedging during the recent times. But, according to Jet Ai rways’ Saroj Dutta, Jet Airways is now contemplating to enter into hedging and is evaluating various options. It would be prudent to use Jet Airways example to understand the intricacies of Fuel hedging. The analysis of the quarterly results, for the quarter ending June’08, shows that the operating losses that Jet Airways incur were almost 30% of the total fuel expenses. If we assume that the quantity of fuel required for the entire quarter was constant, then the 30% reduction in fuel expenses can flatten the operating losses to zero. Let’s use hedging to analyze the scenario. The prices of crude oil have seen unexpected surge in the first of quarter of the year2008-09, so the importance of hedging can be best demonstrated for the data pertaining to this quarter. Since surrogate hedging is done, Jet Airways will take only position, and will not take actual delivery of the Brent Crude. The futures contracts available on MCX have a period of 3 months. To hedge for the month of April, the airline can start hedging in Jan. It is assumed Recommendations The analysis of the contemporary position of airlines with respect to surge in fuel prices suggests fuel hedging is the call of the situation and air carriers should start evaluating it as a potential strategy against the fuel spikes. Hedging can help airlines generate stable cash flows. In an uncertain environment hedging airlines are able to predict future cash flows and earnings and make investment during the high stages of the price cycle; such a strategy is valued higher by the investors. Secondly, hedging allows airlines to take advantage of investment opportunities in times of high commodity prices. It is more likely that airlines will go bankrupt when fuel prices are very high, and in such cases they are often forced to sell planes and other assets at substantially below-market prices. Airlines that are hedged against higher prices will have more resources available to invest and are therefore the only ones able to purchase these discounted assets, thus strengthening their competitive position and growing value. Hedging is not believed to be a long term solution to the fear of fuel hike. It flattens the spikes for a small duration. The airlines should really start looking for alternate fuel for sustainability in the future. A few millions spend now on technology upgradation and on research of alternatives can earn billions for the industry in the future. The aircraft manufactures should be encouraged to innovate to decrease the dependency on the nemesis. Airlines also need to evaluate other options to reduce the expenses. The complete operational model should be reviewed to take care of different scenarios. Airlines should look for lighter aircrafts as the fuel consumption is directly proportional to the weight of an aircraft. Other methods like revision of wage structure, scrutinization of non-profitable routes and optimum utilization of aircrafts should be incorporated by carriers. Hedging, however, comes with a word of precaution. Airlines in the wake of saving themselves from future crisis after seeing the sudden surge of crude in the recent past, should not indulge themselves in over-hedging, hedging more than expected to be consumed. Fuel hedging can also result in losses if the prediction goes wrong and prices come down. If, for example, an airline forecasts that it will burn 100,000 gallons of jet fuel in a given month, hedges 100% of this usage, and then uses only 80,000 gallons, it calls into question the company’s ability to hedge. Therefore, it should be a common practice for firms to hedge up to the level they are certain to use, and remain unhedged for any additional consumption. Airlines should always devise a strategy by understanding the recent trends how much short and how much long it should go. Hedging with an Example Over hedging should be avoided Other alternatives should be analyzed at regular interval Other startegies like reduction in the weight of an aircraft Wage structure should be revised Portfolio should be preapred for hedging pic] Source: www. iata. org Fig. 2 What is more disturbing to the airlines than the rise in fuel prices is the drop in Consumer Confidence Index as can be seen in, Fig. 2 which is released IATA in financial forecast statement, June’08. The figure is depiction of Confidence Index of US consumers. The 2. 5x rise in fuel prices from 2003 to 2007 was survived by the industry because during that same period consumer confidence rose, the world economy experienced exce ptionally strong growth, and airline revenues boomed.