Motivation in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Motivation in the Workplace EssayMotivation is difficult to explain and practice. However motivation is still the one thing that reachs nation productive in their hypothesizes. Whether the motivation is tangible or not, it all depends on the individual and how wariness takes the selective information and applies it. in that respect are many theories and practices that basin be studied and applied to any situation. Motivational theories are studied and practiced by theorists and companies to annex productivity. According to Jerald Greenberg (1999) scientist commit defined motivations as the process of arousing, say and maintaining conduct towards a goal. The act of arousing is related to the desire and vigor to produce. Directing is the election of behavior, and maintenance is the inclination to behave a definite carriage until the desired outcome is met (Greenberg 1999).Much of the motivation theories ordain be related to the definition provided. Some major motivat ion theories along with the method to successfully make a motion employees will be introduced. The theory and method that a manager may choose to use will depend on the surroundings and on the individual. There are two types of motivation theories content and process. The Content theories are based on the basic need and drives. The other theories focus on the process by which people are motivated (Pepitone, 1999). Content theories of motivation focus on this question What causes behavior to occur and stop? The answers usually center on (1) the needs, motives or desires that drive pressure and forces employees to action and (2)employees relationships to the incentive that lead, induce, pull and persuade them to accomplish.The needs or motives are internal to the individual. They cause people to choose a particular(prenominal) course of action to satisfy a need. Incentives are external factors that excrete value or utility to the goal or outcome of the employees behavior (Pepiton e, 1999). Abraham H. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is a content motivational theory. Maslows basis was human behavior. He conducted his investigation among 1939 and 1943. The hierarchy of needs has cinque sets of goals that are called basic needs. Maslows idea was people will not be healthy and well-adjusted unless they have their needs met (Greenberg 1999). Maslow arranged the needs in diametric levels in order of importance. As in a hierarchy the lower level are the most basic needs and the top are the higher(prenominal) level needs. Looking at the figure below one dissolve see how the hierarchy educates.The lower order needs must be met out front proceeding to the higher order needs. According to Greenberg (1999), Maslows needs are in the following order physiological need, safety need, social need, esteem need, and self-actualization. gentlemans basic needs are physiological, for example, hunger, thirst, sleep, etc. When these are satisfied they are replaced by safety needs reflecting ones desire for protection against danger or release. These in turn, when satisfied are replaced by the need for love or belonging to, which are functions of mans desire to belong to a group, to cave in and receive friendship and to associate happily with people. When these needs have been satisfied, the esteem needs seeks to be met. One desires self -esteem and self-respect, which are affected by a persons standing re regulateation, and his need for recognition and appreciation. Finally, individuals have a need for self-actualization or a desire for self-fulfillment.The urge by individuals for self-development, creativity and job satisfaction (Boeree 1999) In the past, management rewards systems have attempted to satisfy an individuals lower level needs for safety and physiological security, for protection against deprivation and the threat to a worker or his family. However, management rewards systems should be, aiming to satisfy the individuals actual need (Boeree 1 999). When believed that a certain reward is important and jackpot be attained, the individual will demonstrate a given amount of effort. This in turn will be demonstrated in performance. The link between effort, performance and expectancy is about accomplishing the task. The links between the performance and reward are connected. Ones assumption for whether the rewards are available if the person worked efficaciously describes the link. In this link the manager/organization is responsible of ac go to bedledging the performance of the employee. If the manager/organization does not acknowledge the employee, there can be a disruption in the motivation. The acknowledgment needs to be direct, strong, and immediate.Employees usually determine in advance what their behavior may accomplish and the value they place on selection possible accomplishments or outcomes. finale setting theory is the specification of goal to increase performance. Assigning difficult goals usually result in hi gher performance. Goal setting has three components that have to be used to successfully apply this idea. First the identification of the process, then the characteristics and finally the feedback. The characteristics of goal setting consist of make the goal specific and challenging. The goal must be challenging to increase self-efficacy. It has been noted that a difficult task tends to increase an employees performance. This may be because usually people work harder to reach a challenging goal as long it is believed that it can be done.Lastly, feedback will allow people to be informed of their progress. This stage usually included praises about the good job that has been done (Wheaton Cameron, 1998). The descriptions of content and process theories of motivation dealing with organizational and individual behavior are briefly explained. The explanation is only a basis for a better understanding on why and how to approach the concept of motivating employees. all told the theories conclude that the manner that managers perceive their organizations and their employees affect their productivity. Whether they are private, public or non-profit organization their aim is to be productive and effective. When looking at the different sectors, they have different goals and objectives, and therefore they must take different approaches in management.Though this may be true we must also acknowledge that all sectors withdraw one to motivate their staff to produce. As managers we must into consideration the different type of individual that make up our organizations. One must modify management moods and behaviors. Dr. Renis Likert has researched many organizations and developed an effective manner to motivate employees and have a productive organization. He has identified four management styles that he feels should be a part of management style in an organization. First exploitive style is where management makes all the decisions and the lower levels are given no power this style has an authoritative approach. The second is the benevolent style that has an authoritative approach, however in this case the management has roughly faith. The consultative style has substantial amount of trust in their staff. The staff is motivated by reward and some involvement.There is some communication and teamwork involved. Lastly the participative style is more of the group approach. Management has confidences in their staff and the staff feels responsible in accomplishing the organizations mission. This style encourages communication and teamwork. The participative style is the best approach for profit and customer service organizations. Organizations should make the transition to teach management to motivate their staff using the participative approach (Cook 1991). As a manager it is difficult to motivate your staff to be productive however, using certain methods can create a positive environment. It was thought that money motivated people but that has change d. Much of the theories discussed before deal with individual behaviors and needs. One can conclude that motivation is internal and as employers one must make observations and decide what each individual desires.According to Cook (1991) manager must give their staff as much as an organization can. Many employees want to have benefits and security, however what happens after a job has provided those needs. mobilize that Maslow theory has the five needs of an individual and they do not all deal with the necessary needs. As an employer identifying what stage your employee is in will help in putting a plan into action. Collaboration is a way to give employees the feeling of importance. Eliminating any kind of obstacle will create an atmosphere that your staff is eager to perform (Bruce, A. Pepitone, J. 1999). Another approach is educating your employees and matches them to projects that they get hold interesting and those on which they are knowledgeable. Employees are willing to work harder on projects that they can relate to. This will also increase their success rate that will help in improving their self-esteem. Yet another way to increase productivity is with empowerment.Giving people the choice to make decisions and giving them the tools and supports to their job will increase the inner motivation force within the employees. Encourage staff to satisfy their need for affiliation and create a relationship with the employee to be part of the organizations mission. It is difficult to motivate employees when a managers view is negative. For instance a managers behavior is explained with McGregors opening X or Theory Y. In this case a manager must identify what style of managing is most effective. Building morale is an important concept when motivating employees. Morale will help create productivity in an organization. Developing a shared vision is a way to begin build morale. For instance as managers, one must communicate views honestly a directly during disc ussion with employees about performance. Make sure they have the necessary information to do their job. Allow employees to influence their own performance goals. Get out of the office, be visible and accessible. Communicate a clear view of the long-range steering of the organization. Listen carefully and consider the opinions of others open-mindedly before evaluating staff. Communicate high personal standards informally with day-to-day contact.Remember to acknowledge the progress that the staff has achieved either with certificates, a note or just a tap on the shoulder. The staff wants to be told that they are doing a good job (Pepitone Bruce, 1999). Again empowering staff requires some basic principles. Inform the staff what their responsibilities are. Give them authority equal to their responsibilities. Set standards of excellence. Provide people with training that will enable them to meet these standards. Provide feedback on performance. Recognize them for their achievements. T rust and treat them with dignity and respect (Nelson 1997). Showing staff that management is listening and affirming that you understand their view will create positive work environment. The language that use is also very important. Using we and us when speaking of the organization this will make the staff feel a part of the organization, so improving the productivity of the staff.Encourage employees to make suggestion no matter how small the idea may be, and this will create a comfortable environment and inspire more significant ideas (Cook 1991). It is important to point out, however, that motivation must be used wisely. The misuse of some theories and techniques could result in negative consequences. Remember that employees who receive rewards on performance tend to perform better than employees in groups where rewards are not based on performance. Understanding the causes of human behavior can predict the behavior to the extent that the behavior can be controlled. Therefore, if managers understand the relationship between incentives, motivation, and productivity, they should be able to predict the behavior of their employees.Consequently, managers who know this, and know how to apply given incentive, can expect to realize increased productivity from employees. Today, 70% of employees are less motivated while 50% only put enough effort into their work to keep their job (Spitzer 1995). Many managers are not sure of the technique to use to motivate their staff. The best way to find what motivates staff is to ask them directly. This may be done informally or during performance evaluations. Find out what he/she wants from the organization and what makes them happy. A happy employee will be more productive than an unhappy one. If there has been a problem with absenteeism it may be because the organization is not fulfilling their needs. Whether it is need for achievement, the need for power, the need for affiliation, or the basic needs as studied by Herzberg, Mc Clelland, or Maslow as a manager must examine and modify the management approach.ReferencesBoeree, C. George (2006) Abraham Maslow. Available http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.htmlCook, M. (1991). 10-Minute pick out to Motivating People. New York Alpha BookGreenberg, J. (1999) Managing Behavior in Organizational (2nd Ed.). New Jersey Prentice HallLearning, Reinforcement, Reward System and Self-Management Teams. Available www.emporio.eduNelson, B (1997). 1001 Ways to Energize Employees. New York Workman PublishingPepitone, J. Bruce, A. (1999) Motivating Employees. New York McGraw HillSpitzer, D. (1995). Super Motivation. New York AMACON.Wheaton Cameron.(1998) Developing Management Skills 4th Ed. Addison Wesley Inc

Paul Rand Essay Example for Free

Paul Rand EssayPaul Rand (born Peretz Rosenbaum, August 15, 1914 November 26, 1996) was a well-known American graphic designer, best known for his unified logo designs. He designed many posters and corporate identities, including the logos for IBM, UPS, ABC and Westinghouse.Paul Rand portrayed abstract ideas with clarity that resonated with viewers. In his work, Rand recast modern guile as something innocuous for the average patron, and no longer a radical political manifesto. This adoption of modernist ideas to mainstream communication shifted the work from rebellious to insightful. One of his strengths was his ability as a salesman to explain the needs his identities would address for the corporation. Rand used the avant garde movements as inspiration for his own style. He came to appreciate a relationship between geometric hold and color through the works of artists like Wassily Kandinsky, Adolphe Mouron Cassandre and Moholy Nagy as well as an understanding of line throug h the works of artists such as Paul Klee. Rand veritable elements from these artists and fused them with the American Modernist Movement that grew out of the 1930s.Modernism was a movement that continued to change and grow as the twentieth century progressed. During Rands time, modernist art expression started to merge with American pop culture. Other designers of the time, such as Lester Beall, Saul Bass and Bradbury Thompson embraced this exposure of design to the mainstream through advertising, logo design, poster design, parole jackets, packaging, etc. Most of these artists works from the time incorporate bold color, basic geometric form, playful typography and an obvious experimentation with orb decision-making. These elements are repeated in Paul Rands work but in a style that is indicatively his own.

What, How, Who and Answers to Global Warming

What, How, Who and Answers to international Warming ball-shaped WarmingDetermining What, How, Who and Answers to spherical WarmingGlobal Warming is steady increase of average temperatures due to the slowly growing strengths of human made glasshouse gases. Global warm can likewise symbolize that observing the temperatures without indicating of the cause too. The most accepted reason is the burning of fogey fuels which does expel carbon dioxide into our melodic line. As of 2010, the concentration of carbon dioxide is some 50% higher(prenominal) than it was before the start of the industrial revolution in the late 1800s. (Australian Coal Association Low Emissions Technology, 2014) The increase in temp is contri exclusivelyed to the CO2 absorbing radiation therapy which is the radiation the reality loses to home when heated by the sun. This reaction produces greenhouse gas which helps produce a blanket over the planet that retains warmth.Since the early 70s, 91% of the radiati on qualification has been stored in the oceans. The oceans main role in energy absorption is also used to increase the average temperature of the Earths Air and Seas temperatures. Since the turn of the century our Earths air and sea temps swallow steadily increased about 1.4F with about 2/3s of the increase happening in the last 30 years. Each of the last 3 eras has been increasingly hummer at the Earths surface then the last coke years combined.We have been recording temperature records since the late 1800s so this data is well documented and gives us a baseline to go from. These data collections atomic number 18 the return of natural changes with the Earth and human beings making Greenhouse Gases. A panel convened by the U.S National Research Council, the nations premier science policy body, in June 2006 voiced a high level of confidence that Earth is the hottest it has been in at least 400 years, and possibly even the last 2,000 years. (Stanford Solar Center, 2013) simply since humans atomic number 18 still to burning fossil fuels, the Earth is steadily warming unnaturally. The Northern most part of the hemisphere has experienced the most major(ip) rise in temperature, near 2.5 Fahrenheit. Average temperatures in Alaska, western Canada, and eastern Russia have risen at twice the global average, according to the multinational synthetic rubber clime Impact Assessment report compiled between 2000 and 2004. (National geographic, 2014) We all know this CO2 release is coming from our automobiles, factories and burning coal etc. Our way of life sentence is killing mother Earth, we continue to cut down trees pollute our oceans and for what?This paper is firing to breakdown in three major sections giving my conclusions on what, how, wherefore and fixing this Global Warming problem we as a planet face. There are legion(predicate) different factors which can make the warm the planet, alone the major contributor is human created carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels.A huge contributor to global warming is the greenhouse gases that people release into the atmosphere. Majority of the gases released take on carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and CFCs (chloral floral carbons). The use of natural resources has increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. However, over the last several(prenominal) hundred years, humans have been artificially increasing the concentration of these gases, mainly carbon dioxide and methane in the Earths atmosphere. (Earth Observatory, 2014)Lets non forget about another form of global warming like deforestation. Forest grounds are moist, but without protection from tree cover they can dry out. Trees also help spread the water circle by releasing water vapor back into the atmosphere. If we do not have trees helping with the ecosystem we depart soon loose countless species. dim down trees deprives the forest of its canopy, which helps cut down the suns rays during the day and retains heat at night. This d isplacement leads to higher temperatures ranges that can be harmful to plants and animals. Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests means larger amounts of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere and increased speed and severity of global warming.Thousands of years have since past and the Earth has had a diverse temperature effect without any human influence. This temperature change has been the result of other factors such as the tilt of the Earth and changes in the levels of gases in the atmosphere. The Earth actually wobbles throughout its solar rotation around the sun. This wobble in the Earths rotation has been causing changes in the temperature of the atmosphere for many millions of years. (A precooled Climate (2014) The suns variations in size from the past to present has an ecosystem effect. Scientist believe we are experiencing more and more solar flares that have a negative impact on our atmosphere too.Ther e is a theory amongst scientist that Global Warming is a regular life cycle event but I do not believe this to be true. Even though the Earth had ice ages and warmer temps in the past. Industry throughout the world gives off CO2 and it thickens the atmosphere UV rays are not being able to reflect back into space warming the Earth. A blend of compound atmospheric and ocean sequences which are inevitably driven by changes in solar output. The Earth goes through regular climate change cycles and has done so throughout its history. The exact mechanism is not well understood but appears to be related to the sun incontrovertible solar activity. The ocean and volcanoes are much bigger sources of CO2 and other such greenhouse gases than humans. If the CO2 count is increasing, the influence of man may be minimal. (Bionomic Fuel, July 16, 2014) The planet is shortly in a cool down cycle and result continue to be so for at least a several years because the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. It wo uld only make sense that the last thirty years with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in its warm phase caused the planet to warm.I read that people were asking questions like, who would be the most affected by this. And the answer is simple, everyone on the planet will pay a price for Global Warming. Theoretically every sustentation breathing thing can be affected by climate change. Warmer seas means changing currents, which means perverted rainfall amounts on the continents. Plant life will move because of changing rainfall patterns. Insects, trees and animals will move to follow the vegetation and water. If global warming continues, on that point will be irreversible effects. Effects like erratic weather patterns, sea levels rising, dry waterless areas and ice caps melting. The US alone has millions of people living within a mile of the oceans. The majority of our major cities are located of the coasts or Great Lakes. All of these will be under water and all in all useless. The worlds mountain contain most 80% of fresh water in forms of ice and snow. Global Warming would potentially melt this with ravage consequences like massive flooding.Urgent action is necessary to combat these effects. We cannot afford to wait as the well-being of you and your children is at stake. It is up to you to take responsibility for your actions. (A Cooler Climate, 2014) Around the globe, people are taking responsibility and helping funk CO2 emissions through more efficient environmentally energy resources. Unfortunately the people, who will be affected by Global Warming the most, are the poorer countries. These countries lack proper funding and education to help build finance facilities that can reduce our carbon foot print. Your citizens need to have a good understanding of what can happen when greenhouse gases are not taken seriously. Properly educating everyone will ultimately benefit the planet.How about free trade being affected? Every nation on Earth has some form of trade going on and you must take in account rising sea levels major trade ports being underwater. Who is going to make all of the sea lanes, rebuild the docks? How about taking in account how are household items like food, water, TV and so on get here. Since the launch of industrialization in the redbrick world global trade has added to pollution of our environment. Looking at data gathered global trade contributes near as much pollution per capita schedule year as public transportation does. Effectively combating our planetary climate crisis will require changes to the underlying manufacturing, energy, farming and trade systems that are now fuel carbon emissions. (Greenpeace USA, 2014)Due to the outsourcing of companies and products nearly every household product in America travels on average over 4500 miles to reach its home, these items are transported by planes, ships or trains all of which burn massive amounts of fossil fuels. The link between Global trade and Global Warm ing has many ties like burning fuel which creates greenhouse gas and the amount of trade that goes on any given day is unbelievable.What can we do as regular people do to help move up this growing problem? There are many easy steps you can do right now to cut global warming pollution. rack up sustaining energy a part of your normal routine. Each time you choose a LED light sticker bulb over an traditional bulb, youll bring down your energy inlet and keep nearly 600 pounds of CO2 out of the air. By purchasing brands with the energy star sticker, this indicates it uses at least 16% less energy than what the federal mandate is over a less traditional models.Lower cost, reliable cars to help reduce Global Warming gases are available now. From littler cars to large trucks, there is no reason not purchase these to help take a step in the right direction fuel cellphone vehicles can help answer the problem for our future. Hybrids can help eliminate pollution by 1/3 or more and are cur rently available by every major car manufacturer in the U.S.Voluntary cutback programs have not been effective at stopping the growing of emissions. legion(predicate) CEOs of major corporations have agreed it is time for the governments to step in and create tougher, stouter laws to help combat Global Warming. Here is the and Canada public fight back is at it all time highest to propose and cap emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases produced from larger power plants (coal burning) and transportation fuels. We should start implementing cleaner cars and galvanical generators into general use this will start reducing gas contamination from vehicles and power plants immediately. By doing this we should start pushing and relying more on alternative solutions like wind, solar, geothermal and wave power.Firmer efficient obligations by appliance manufacturers for electrical appliances will help lower pollution. We need more programs or laws in place like what the Clinton dispositi on implemented in the 90s. Household central air units/heat pumps must reduce electrical usage by 30% for all stark naked installs. This act will help reduce carbon release by 51 million metric tons a year.Alternative solutions for power consumption are here and we must start embracing it or Global Warming will not stop. Alternative energy defines all things that do not use or consume fossil fuels. These alternatives are found everywhere and anyone can use the majority of them plus they are eco-friendly. With very small to no pollution why not use them? South Africa is helping lead the way of solar power. They just installed the worlds largest solar farm producing some 18 gag-watts a year. South Africa, like other countries, is trying to reduce CO2 emissions as well as increase its alternative energy solutions. tip energy is a very unlimited resource here in the Midwest. A single windmill can supply crop irrigation, pumping water and powering electric lights. Just in Indiana alone we have hundreds of windmill farms all over the state that helps reduce our grid consumption and fulfils on the release of fossil fuel gases released into the atmosphere.Geo thermal energy is taking off and it is accessible anywhere on Earth. geothermic energy means energy drawn or attach from beneath the earth. A lot of countries try to use this energy to generate electricity for thousands of homes. Geothermal energy produces no pollution, lowers our dependence on fossil fuels. Geothermal fields produce only about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a relatively clean natural-gas-fueled power plant produces. (National Geographic 2014)There are many different ways to use alternative solutions to help reduce our dependence on greenhouse gas producing fuels. Listed above are a few but here are some more to help get you interested Hydroelectric Energy, Biomass Energy, Ocean Energy and Hydrogen Energy.In conclusion, we the people of mother Earth must alienate ourselves from fossil f uels, if we are going to stop or reduce the effects of Global Warming. Right now we have a scene to redeem our planet but once we cross a certain line there is no going back. Lets unite and save the planet.ReferencesEarth Observatory (2014)Global Warming What is causing Global Warming?http//earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.phpJonathan Strickland and Ed Grabianowski, (2014)How Global Warming Workshttp//science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/global-warming.htmNational Geographic (2014)Global Warming Fast Factshttp//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming.htmlEcosystems Hazards to our World (2014)Global Warminghttp//peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/Ecosystems/hazards/global_warming.htmStanford Solar Center (2013)Global Warming What is it?http//solar-center.stanford.edu/sun-on-earth/glob-warm.htmlRandom Facts (January 29, 2009)35 Critical Facts about . . . Global Warminghttp//facts.randomhistory.com/2009/01/29_global-warm ing.htmlReferencesA Cooler Climate (2014)Global Warming Natural Causeshttp//www.acoolerclimate.com/global-warming-natural-causes/Bionomic Fuel (July 16, 2014)Is Global Warming Fake?http//www.bionomicfuel.com/is-global-warming-fake/GreenPeace USA (2014)Climate Change Trade Policies We have a problem our current trade rules are worsening climate chaoshttp//www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/Climate-ChangeTrade-Policies/National Geographic (2014)Geothermal Energy Tapping the Earths Heathttp//environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/geothermal-profile/Australian Coal Association Low Emissions Technology (2014)What is Global Warming?http//www.newgencoal.com.au/faq/68.html1

Celiac Disease Presenting as Unexplained Infertility

coeliac Disease Presenting as Unexplained InfertilityTitle- coeliac disease takeing as unexplained sterility and pancytopenia- A Case ReportAbstract Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine significant tie beam with several extraintestinal features, such as reproductive disorders in women with undiagnosed celiac disease. Worldwide, CD prevalence is approximately 1%. Several studies suggest a high prevalence of undiagnosed CD in patients with infertility. A 21 years old Indian woman who presented with history of primary amenorrhea, diminished secondary versed character, asthenia, history of weight loss and chronic diarrhea. On admission her hemoglobin (Hgb) was 4.2 g/dL. Laboratory investigations confirmed a Immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (IgA-tTG) was markedly grand to more than 300 u/ml, colonoscopy was normal, Bone flock densitometry revealed osteopenia and hypercellular bone marrow on bone marrow biopsy. Celiac disease diagnosis was made multivitamins, mineral, endovenous straighten out replacement and gluten free diet replacement treatment was initiated. In order trilineage hematopoiesis, iron deficiency anemia, granulocytic hyperplasia and mild megakaryocytic hypoplasia. Both her thrombocyte counts and white blood cell recovered uneventfully with continuing iron, calcium, vitmine D3 and folic acid supplementation. The possible mechanism for this phenomenon is discussed in this report.Introduction Celiac disease (CD) is a multifactorial chronic autoimmune general disease, triggered by gluten consumption in geneticalally predisposed individuals 1. Classically the disease is manifested by symptoms of diarrhea, flatulence and malabsorption, however, it is also associated with variable systemic manifestations, including metabolic bone disease, diabetes, thyroid dysfunction and lympho-proliferative malignancies 2. Worldwide, the prevalence of CD in the general population is approximately 1% femal e male ratio is 2 1 3-7. Several studies have confirmed the implications of celiac disease on the reproductive health of women. Celiac disease Development in cases of acute leukemia after(prenominal) allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from Human leukocyte antigen identical siblings who suffered from celiac disease 11,12. We report the first case of celiac disease presented as pancytopenia with unexplained infertility in womanCase report A 21 year old Indian woman presented with primary amenorrhea, diminished secondary familiar character, asthenia, history of weight loss and chronic diarrhea. On admission her hemoglobin (Hgb) was 4.2 g/dL (normal range 11.015.1 gm/dL), red cell distribution width (RDW) was 39% (normal range 11.315.5%) and mean corpuscular volume was 63.6 fL (normal range 7997 fL). Reticulocyte count was low at 9000/mm3(normal range 25100 103/mm3), total iron binding capacity of 486 g/dL (normal range 250450 g/DL), percentage saturation of 5 and a ferri tin level of 3/mcL (normal range 150 four hundred 103/L), white blood cell (WBC) count was 3.2 103/L (normal range 411 103/L) with 4-6 segmented neutrophils. On the bone marrow core sections ring sideroblasts was non found. Bone marrow iron store showed passd amounts of storage iron. Total colonoscopy was normal. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a loss of folds in the second part of the duodenum and a biopsy from the second part of duodenum showed intraepithelial lymphocytes, flattening of duodenal mucosa, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in lamina propria, and crypt hyperplasia (Marsh class 3). Immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (IgA-tTG) was markedly elevated to more than 300 u/ml. Bone mass densitometry revealed osteopenia. He was under observation in short intervals at the Oncology clinic with abnormal finding as hypercellular bone marrow on bone marrow biopsy. Celiac disease diagnosis was made multivitamins, mineral, intravenous iron sucro se complex given at a dose of 100 mg twice weekly. successor and gluten free diet replacement treatment was initiated. On day 14th of treatment hemoglobin increase upto 6.1 g/dL , WBC count to 6.4 103/mcL, and platelets were 195 103/mcL. We present the first case of celiac disease that presented as primary amenorrhea with pancytopenia.Discussion A patient came to medicine OPD presenting primary amenorrhea, diminished secondary sexual character, asthenia, history of weight loss and chronic diarrhea. However, celiac disease is also associated with variable systemic manifestations, including metabolic bone disease, diabetes, thyroid dysfunction and lympho-proliferative malignancies 2. Given the constitutional anemia and the marginal thrombocytopenia and leucopenia. In to improve erythropoiesis she was initiated on iron replacement therapy. Initially which led decrease in WBC counts and platelet. Even though iron deficiency is related with a reactive thrombocytosis 13, when the seve rity of the iron deficiency increases lead to normalization 14,15 and infrequently even decrease in platelet counts 16,17,18. Still The precise mechanism of this is indistinct. Cause of pancytopenia in our patient may be related to decrease compactness of bone and increase free original damage to hemopoetic stem cell in bone marrow. Extremely low levels of estrogen hormone observed in our patient which is associated with bone demineralization and infertility, unretentive secondary sexual character in female.Conclusion Undiagnosed celiac disease is a jeopardy of infertility and pancytopenia. Pancytopenia may be due to decrease bone density result of that more exposure bone more ( haemopoetic stem cell) to free radical. Due to lack of proper nutrition, ovarian capsule could non protect newly growing follicle which lead to poorly development of estrogen hormone dependent secondary sexual character. Women seeking medical advice for this meticulous role should be screened for celiac disease and bone density (DEXA scan). Adoption of a gluten-free diet could have a positive knock on fertility in such kind of patients. It may be a potentially modifiable (and treatable) risk factor. Futher, a large scale study prospectively study for bone density and ovarian capsule composition to evaluate association between celiac disease and infertility in woman, pancytopenia to clarify these hypothesis.References Snchez E, de Palma G, Capilla A, et al. Influence of environmental and genetic factors linked to celiac disease risk on infant gut colonization by Bacteroides species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 201177(15)53165323.1b. Green PH, Cellier C. Celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 200735717311743.Rashtak S, Murray JA. Review article coeliac disease, new approaches to therapy. Alimentary Pharmacology Therapeutics. 201235(7)768781.Ravikumara M, Tuthill DP, Jenkins HR. The changing clinical presentation of coeliac disease. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 200691(12)96 9971.Rossi M, Bot A. Celiac disease progress towards diagnosis and definition of pathogenic mechanisms. International Reviews of Immunology. 201130(4)183184.Aggarwal S, Lebwohl B, Green PHR. Screening for celiac disease in average-risk and high-risk populations. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology. 20125(1)3747.Megiorni F, Pizzuti A. HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 in Celiac disease predisposition practical implications of the HLA molecular typing. Journal of Biomedical Science. 201219, article 88Bargetzi MJ, Schnenberger A, Tichelli A, Fried R, Cathomas G, Signer E, et al. Celiac disease transmissible by allogeneic non-T cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation.Bone Marrow Transplant.1997206079.Borgaonkar MR, Duggan PR, Adams G. Differing clinical manifestations of celiac disease transmitted by bone marrow transplantation.Dig Dis Sci.2006512102Schloesser LL, Kipp MA, Wenzel FJ. Thrombocytosis in iron deficiency anemia.J Lab Clin Med.196566107114.Dincol K, Aksoy M. On the platelet leve ls in chronic iron deficiency anemia.Acta Haematol.196941135143.Choi SI, Simone JV, Jackson CW. Megakaryocytopoiesis in data-based iron deficiency anemia. Blood.197443111120.Lopas H, Rabiner SF. Thrombocytopenia associated with iron deficiency anemia.Clin Pediatr.19665609616. doi 10.1177/000992286600501008.Berger M, Brass LF. Severe thrombocytopenia in iron deficiency anemia.Am J Hematol.198724425428. doi 10.1002/ajh.2830240412.Mubarak AA, Awidi A, Rasul KI, Al-Homsi U. Thrombocytopenia responding to red blood cell transfusion.Saudi Med J.200425106109.

Online Shop Web Design

Online Shop Web DesignShop Online Web Application system, allows the customer to shop online for their required items, and also represents an associated window for the orders selected by the customer. Each Customer will be having their desire page when they login or signup into the Shop Online Web Application. The Customer can select the required items into the cart without enter into their account. But the purchase of the items in the cart has to be done using their registered account in the System using either credit or account card, they can also cancel the payment or return the items purchased only aft(prenominal) a detailed specification of the reason for it. The Logged In customers will be having a wish-list function so that they can put the items they wanted to buy in the wish-list and can buy later. There is one more function expenditure checker, which intimates the customer regarding the item selected by them whenever there is a cut-off in the price of that item, but on ly for a few selected items. There is also a desired page for the history of items bought by the customers. The customer can maintain their account and address details. The customer also can reset their password if forgotten by getting a link to reset password to their concerned web mail.Requirements for the system are we will be using Ruby On rail for the development, and for the web design HTML, Javascript and CSS. The Backend is managed by MySQL.The Database for the System consists of shop online development database which consist of tables for categories, products, product images, users.The Columns for the categories are id, title, weight, products_counter, executed_at, updated_at, ancestry. The Columns for products are id, category_id, titile, status, amount, uuid, msrp, price, description, created_at, updated_at, lprice. The Columns for the product images are id, product_id, weight, image_file_name, image_content_type, image_file_sizee, image_updated_at, created_at, updated_ at. The Columns for the users are id, email, crypted_password, created_at, updated_at,activation_state, activation_token, activation_token_expires_at, remember_me_token, remember_me_token_expires_at, reset_password_token, reset_password_token_expires_at, reset_password_email_sent_at.Entity Relationship platFIG. 1 (Relationship between the tables)In ruby on rails the web application code is divided into model, view, controller. Model represents the database access, View represents the html pages before and after access of the database, and controller represents the action to be done once the we get a request from the Web Application.Model Code(Category)class Category ApplicationRecord validates title, aim message Empty name validates title, uniqueness message Repeated name has_ancestry orphan_strategy destroy has_many products, dependent destroy before_validation correct_ancestry def self.grouped_data self.roots.order(weight desc).inject() do result, parent row = row where(s tatus sideOn) module Status On = on Off = off end private def set_default_attrs self.uuid = RandomCode.generate_product_uuid endend(product image)class ProductImage ApplicationRecord belongs_to product has_attached_file image, styles small 60x60, meat 200x200, big 960x validates_attachment_content_type image, content_type /Aimage/.*Z/ validates_attachment_size image, in 0..5.megabytesend(User)class User ApplicationRecord authenticates_with_sorcery attr_accessor password, password_confirmation validates_presence_of email, message Email can non be empty validates_format_of email,message Email format mistake, with /w+(-+.w+)*w+(-.w+)*.w+(-.w+)*/, if proc user user.email.blank? validates email, uniqueness true validates_presence_of password, message Password cannot be empty, if need_validate_password validates_presence_of password_confirmation, message Password confirm cannot be empty, if need_validate_password validates_confirmation_of password,message Password not right , if need_validate_password validates_length_of password, message Password at least 6 digits, minimum 6, if need_validate_password def username self.email.split().first end private def need_validate_password self.new_record? (self.password.nil?self.password_confirmation.nil?) endendController Code(Category)class CategoriesController ApplicationController def found categories = Category.grouped_data category = Category.find(paramsid) products = category.products.onshelf.page(paramspage 1).per_page(paramsper_page 12) .order(id desc).includes(main_product_image) endend(Product)class ProductsController ApplicationController def show categories = Category.grouped_data product = Product.find(paramsid) endend(Session)class SessionsController ApplicationController def new end def create if user= login(paramsemail,paramspassword)loginsorcery flashnotice=You have logged in redirect_to root_path else flashnotice=Emails or Password mistake redirect_to new_session_path end end def destroy logo ut flashnotice=You already logged out redirect_to root_path endend(User)class UsersController ApplicationController def new user = User.new end def create user= User.new(params.require(user).permit(email,password,password_confirmation)) if user.save flashnotice = sign up successfully Please log in redirect_to new_session_path else render action new end endend(Welcome)class WelcomeController ApplicationController def baron categories = Category.grouped_data products = Product.onshelf.page(paramspage 1).per_page(paramsper_page 12) .order(id desc).includes(main_product_image) endend

Cultural Materialism Essay example -- essays research papers

When it comes to anthropological theory the combination of several established ways of thought often result in a completely new and independent way of thinking. Cultural Materialism is one of these children theories that resulted from a coming together of social evolutionary theory, cultural ecology and Marxist materialism (Barfield). The goal of cultural materialism is to explain politics, economics, ideology and symbolic aspects of a culture with relation to the needs of that society. From a cultural materialist point of escort society is indisputably shaped by the factors of production and reproduction. From this all other facets of society, such as government and religion, must be beneficial to that societys superpower to satisfy the minimum requirements to sustain themselves (Harris 1996). An example of this would be the invention and continued use of industry because it increased the ability to produce needed materials and food. One grand aspect of the cultural materialist ic approach is that it operates completely from the etic perspective. Marvin Harris, one of the founders of cultural materialism, believed that a holistic approach is vital to correctly analyzing culture and believed that the emic approach failed at providing a wide enough scope. Harris tried to employ the scientific method and incorporated it into his theory. The result of this is that cultural materialism focuses only on events that are plain and quantifiable and replicable (Harris 1979). Cultu...

Negative Outcomes from Portrayal of Young Women in the Media Essay

When one thinks of media, one tends to relate media to television, news, magazines, newspaper articles, and so on. Many deal do not think of media is something that portrays negative effects on young women. However, young women are more susceptible to lower ego-esteem resulting in take disorders or depression more today than ever before. The media projects negative and undermining images of women and one does not suffer to look very hard to realize this. The media projects images of unrealistic women who unaccompanied look the way they do because of plastic surgery or airbrushing techniques. The media has much greater effects on young girls than anything else in our culture today. Our society has created an milieu so obsessed with image that those who have the power give disapproval for being overweight, and give approval for being thin. This has created a generation of women so self conscious about their body that it lights to affect their health in many different wa ys. Where Portrayal StartsOn average, boys and girls spend anywhere from two to six hours a day being exposed to television, the internet, magazine articles, video games, and so on. (4) This is a massive amount of time spent over the years viewing media. With time, every(prenominal) the advertisements become normal to us and we tend to accept what is being shown on the television. Some of this is perfectly fine. Watching televison, researching the internet, and magazine articles help one receive information. Although much of this information is a learning opportunity, many do not take the time to consider the negative affects media does have. Over time one starts to see continual advertisements and start to tune them out, which then we adapt to this, and it b... ...d how they really are in a positive way.Final ThoughtsThe outcome of how media effects young teenage girls is a grave concern that keeps growing. Campaigns and advertisements that put pressures on these young girl s to be thin are continuously growing. These constant pressures to be thin and beautiful are drawing off them remote from being themselves. Girls are now starting to resort to harmful eating habits and body dissatisfaction at a young age. These unhealthy habits will start to ruin our young women, and will take an ultimate toll on our future. Women are beautiful the way they are. Our society does not need to take away from the happiness that one has by using computer imaging to bring one down. In a perfect world everyone would look the same and have the same beauty, but it is not a perfect world, which then makes everyone beautiful in their own way.